Table 2.

Findings from studies on the association between marijuana use and physical dating violence perpetration and victimization

Citation	Design, Sample & Respondents		Marijuana Use	Physical Dating Violence		Covariates	Measures of Effect
Eaton, et al., 2007	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any lifetime use (never; yes, before age 13; yes, at age 13 or later). Prevalence: 9.7% for age of initiation <13 years; 31.2% for age of initiation ≥13	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: age, sex, race/ethnicity, and grades in school (mostly As, Bs, Cs, Ds, or Fs). Substance Use: lifetime use of cigarettes and alcohol (never; yes, before age 13; yes, at age 13 or later); number of sexual partners (lifetime).	Adjusted, Females: Among those who report lifetime MJ use and an age of initiation of <13 y, the OR for PDVV was 2.02 (95% CI: 1.29, 3.16). Among those who report lifetime MJ use and an age of initiation of ≥13 y, the OR for PDVV was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.82). Crude, Males: Among those who report lifetime MJ use and an age of initiation of <13 y, the OR for PDVV was 1.46 (95% CI: 0.96, 2.24). Among those who report lifetime MJ use and an age of initiation of ≥13 y, the OR for PDVV was 1.40 (95% CI: 0.81, 2.40).
	Design: Cross-sectional. Sample: Secondary analysis of data from the 2003 YRBS, a nationally-representative survey of high school students (n=15,123). Respondents: 48.7% female, 61.5% White, 13.9% Black, 16.6% Hispanic.			Assessment: Past 12-month PDVV assessed with the following item: During the past 12 months, did your boyfriend or girlfriend ever hit, slap, or physically hurt you on purpose? Prevalence: 8.8% among females, 8.6% among males.
Epstein-Ngo, et al., 2013	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Assessed daily use. Prevalence: 55.7% among males, 46.3% among females.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: age, sex, race, and receipt of public assistance. Substance Use: past 30-day use of multiple substances (alcohol, cocaine, inhalants, heroin, extramedical use of prescription drugs.	Adjusted (Females Only): After adjustment (for age, race, alcohol use, cocaine use, and sedative use), the aOR for days of MJ use and moderate PDVV (vs. no PDVV) was 0.25 (95% CI: 0.05, 1.18), and the aOR for days of MJ use and severe PDVV was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.49, 2.66). After adjustment (for age, race, alcohol use, and sedative use) the aOR for days of MJ use and moderate PDVP and severe PDVP was 1.66 (95% CI: 0.95, 2.89).
	Design: Retrospective, Timeline Followback Study. Sample: Participants aged 14–24 who reported past 6-month substance use were recruited from an ED in Flint, MI (m age for males=20.0 y, m age for females=20.1 y) (n=599). Respondents: 41% female, 65% Black, 34% White.			Assessment: Assessed daily PDVV and PDVP, using assault and injury items on the CTS2, and reported whether use of specific substances preceded the violent event. Prevalence: PDVV: 30.8% among females, 5.7% among males. PDVP 23.9% among females, 3.7% among males.
Foshee, et al., 2010	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any lifetime use. Prevalence: 23% at Wave 1.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: age, sex, race, parental educational attainment, family structure, and receipt of public assistance. Psychosocial: earned grades, prosocial activities, perceived school support, peer violence, anger, anxiety, depression, and social bonding. Substance Use: lifetime use of cigarettes and alcohol. Family & Peer Context: family conflict; parental monitoring, and attachment; friends’ use of violence.	Adjusted: Among those who did not report PDVP at Wave 1, the OR for PDVP at Wave 2 given MJ use at Wave 1 was 1.52 (95% CI: 0.92, 2.51).
	Design: Longitudinal. Sample: School-based survey of 8th–10th graders in public school systems in 3 NC counties; two time points: fall 2003, spring 2004. (n=1,666). Respondents: 49% female, 25% Black, 75% White.			Assessment: Any lifetime PDVP was assessed at Wave 2 with one item asking about having lifetime use of physical force against a partner (e.g., hitting, punching, kicking, shoving). Prevalence: 16% at Wave 2.
McNaughton Reyes, et al., 2014	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Past 3-month frequency of use, ranging from 0 to 10+ times. Prevalence: not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: grade level, sex, race, and parental educational attainment. Psychosocial: peer aggression, family conflict, emotional distress, anxiety, depression, and PDVV. Substance Use: frequency of smoking, unhealthy alcohol use, and hard drug use.	Adjusted: Hierarchical growth models were conducted that adjusted for the four demographic covariates. In proximal effects models the frequency of MJ use was positively associated with PDVP score for both sexes combined (β= 0.03, SE=0.01, p<0.05) and for females (β=0.07, p<0.001). The association was negative for boys (β=− 0.001, p =0.94). In time-varying models, the association between frequency of MJ use and PDVP score was β=0.01 (SE=0.01, p>0.05).
	Design: Longitudinal Sample: School-based survey of 8th–10th grade students in schools in two rural NC counties followed four times through 10th–12th grades (n=2,455). Respondents: 53% female, 54% White, 47% Black, 8% other.			Assessment: Past 3-month PDVP assessed with a short version of the Safe Dates Physical Perpetration Scale that inquired about the frequency of engaging in six acts of violence with a partner, for a total score. Prevalence: not reported.
Melander, et al., 2010	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Frequency of use in the past 30 days (Wave 1), ranging from none to daily/near daily. Prevalence: not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: marital status; sex; age; race/ethnicity; respondent, parent, and partner level of educational attainment. Psychosocial: depressive symptoms. Substance Use: alcohol and other drug use. Family Context: physical abuse, sexual abuse or neglect during childhood.	Crude: Multinomial logistic regression models with four outcomes (no PDV, PDVP only, PDVV only, and bidirectional PDV); no PDV served as the referent group. ORs for bidirectional PDV, PDVP only, and PDVV are, respectively: 1.28 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.85); 0.92 (95% CI: 0.55, 1.55); and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.48, 1.51).
	Design: Longitudinal. Sample: Secondary analysis of AddHealth data with respondents with partners (n=6,563). Data include Wave 1 (grades 7–12) and Wave 3 (18–27 years, m=22). Respondents: 57% female, 13% Black, 72% White, 7% Hispanic, 4% other, 3% Asian.			Assessment: At Wave 3, 2 items each assessed past year PDVP and PDVV. Those variables were recoded as: any past year bidirectional violence (both PDVV and PDVP), any past year PDVV only (i.e., no perpetration), and past year PDVP (i.e., no victimization). Prevalence: Bidirectional PDV: 13%, PDVP only: 7%, PDVV only: 5%.
Nabors, 2010	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any past 12-month use. Prevalence: 44.7% (47.3 among males, 43.1 among females)	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: race/ethnicity; sex; year in university; parental educational attainment and income. Psychosocial: social desirability tendency, currently in a relationship. Substance Use: hallucinogens, stimulants, narcotics, inhalants, anabolic steroids, and alcohol use.	Adjusted: After adjustment for all the covariates, the aOR for MJ use and PDVP was 1.35 (p<0.05) for both sexes, and was 1.67 for males (p>0.05) and 1.28 (p>0.05) for females.
	Design: Cross-sectional. Sample: College students (m age=22 y) with partners at a university in FL (n=1,379). Respondents: 61% female, 71.2% White, 11.7% Hispanic, 9.3% Black, 7.8% Other.			Assessment: Used the CTS2 perpetration of physical assault subscale to assess past 12-month PDVP. Prevalence: 30.1% (31.6% among females, 27.8% among males).
Rothman, et al., 2010	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any past 30-day use. Prevalence: not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographics: grade level, sex, race/ethnicity, nativity status, school. Violence: peer violence perpetration, sibling violence perpetration, delinquency, gang membership, witnessed community violence, weapon carrying. Substance Use: past 30-day use of tobacco. Psychosocial: earned grades, truancy.	Adjusted: After adjustment for age and school, the OR for PDVP given MJ was 1.79 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.28) overall; 2.15 (95% CI: 1.33, 3.48) for males, and 1.84 (95% CI: 1.46, 2.32) for females.
	Design: Cross-sectional. Sample: School-based sample of high school students in public schools in Boston, MA. Limited to those who reported having dated (n=1,398). Respondents: 53.2% female, 44.2% Black, 35.6% Hispanic, 20.2% White or other..			Assessment: Any past 30-day PDVP (i.e., pushed, shoved, slapped, hit, punched, kicked, or choked a dating partner). Prevalence: 18.7% (9.6% among males, 26.6% among females).
Shorey, et al., 2014a	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any MJ use precedent to PDVP over a 90-day period. Prevalence: not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Substance Use: any alcohol use precedent to PDVP over a 90-day period. Psychosocial: angry affect.	Adjusted: After adjustment for alcohol use preceding PDVP, the aOR for MJ use preceding acts of PDVP was 2.15 (0.76, 6.08).
	Design: Longitudinal, daily diary study. Sample: College students (m age =19.7 y) reporting past 30-day alcohol use (n=67). Respondents: 100% male, 87% White, 5% Black.			Assessment: Respondents completed daily surveys, any PDVP was assessed with the CTS2 scale for physical aggression. Prevalence: not reported.
Shorey, et al, 2014b	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any MJ use precedent to PDVP over a90-day period. Prevalence: Not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Substance Use: any alcohol use precedent to PDVP over a 90-day period, frequency of alcohol use. Psychosocial: angry affect.	Adjusted: After adjustment for the covariates and interaction terms (alcohol use*angry affect, MJ use*angry affect), the aOR for MJ use being precedent to PDVP was 0.66 (95% CI: 0.26, 1.63).
	Design: Longitudinal, daily diary study. Sample: College students (m age =18.7 y) reporting past 30-day alcohol use (n=173). Respondents: 100% female, 86% White, 9% Black.			Assessment: Respondents completed daily surveys, and any PDVP was assessed with the CTS2 scale for physical aggression. Prevalence: not reported.
Shorey et al., 2015	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Lifetime use of marijuana at baseline Prevalence: 39% of boys, 27% of girls	PDVV	PDVP	Substance Use: lifetime use of alcohol, marijuana, other illict drugs	Crude: The bivariate association between PDVV and lifetime marijuana was r=0.19 (p<0.001) for boys and girls combined. The bivariate association between PDVP and lifetime marijuana was r=0.12 (P<0.001) for boys and girls combined.
	Design: Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal data Sample: High school students in southeast TX (n=882) Respondents: 56% female; 33% White, 32% Black, 35% Hispanic			Assessment: PDV victimization and perpetration subscales of the CADRI at baseline. Mean Scores: 0.44 for boys (SD=0.92), 0.38 for girls (0.89).
Temple, et al., 2013	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any lifetime use (baseline), past 12-month use (follow-up). Prevalence: 34.2% at baseline; 30.9% at follow-up.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographics: grade level, sex, race/ethnicity. Substance Use: use of alcohol, cocaine, inhalants, ecstasy, or amphetamines. Psychosocial: interparental violence.	Adjusted: Path coefficients for baseline MJ use predicting PDVP at follow-up: β=−0.09, SE=0.06, p > .05.
	Design: Longitudinal. Sample: Recruited from 7 Houston, TX-area high schools, limited to those with a dating partner (n=1,046). Baseline (n=828) and a follow-up a year later (n-734). Respondents: 56% female, 28% Black, 29% White, 31% Hispanic, 12% Other.			Assessment: Lifetime PDVP assessed with 4 items on physical aggression from the CADRI (e.g., kicked, hit, punched; pushed or shoved). Reduced into a variable representing any lifetime PDVP at baseline and follow-up. Prevalence: 17.1% reported PDVP at follow-up.
Walton, et al., 2009	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any past 12-month use. Prevalence: 36.9%.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic & Psychosocial: age, race/ethnicity, sex, receipt of public assistance, earned grades in school, reason for ED visit. Substance Use: alcohol use, alcohol use problems, and cigarette use. Violent Behaviors: physical peer violence, alcohol-related fighting, weapon carrying.	Crude: In a bivariate model, the risk ratio for PDVP given MJ use was 1.37 (95% CI: 1.27, 1.48) for moderate violence and 2.50 (95% CI: 1.85, 3.38) for severe violence.
	Design: Cross-sectional. Sample: Consecutive sample of ED patients (14–18 y) (n=1,128), in Flint, MI. Respondents: 54.1% female, 58% Black, 36.1% White, 5.9% other race, 6% Hispanic.			Assessment: Past 12-month PDVP assessed via a modified version of the CADRI; coded as no violence, moderate violence (e.g., pushing, shoving, slapping) or severe violence (e.g., beat up, choked, kicked). Prevalence: 14.7% moderate only; 12.9% severe.
Yan, et al., 2010	Adolescents	Emerging Adults	Assessment: Any past 12-month use. Prevalence: not reported.	PDVV	PDVP	Demographic: grade level, sex, age. Violence: gun and weapon carrying, physical fighting, gang membership Psychosocial: emotional distress, suicidal ideation, perceived self-worth, social competency, prosocial behaviors, parental monitoring and academic encouragement, family connectedness. Substance Use: alcohol use, binge drinking, other drug use.	Adjusted: The OR for MJ use and PDVV was 2.11 for both sexes (95% CI: 0.55, 8.09), was 0.44 for males (0.02, 9.07), and was 9.38 (0.79, 111.63).
	Design: Cross-sectional. Sample: Youth (11–13 y) recruited from English as a Second Language classes in schools in a suburban county of Washington, DC (n=316). Respondents: 51.8% female, 100% Hispanic.			Assessment: Any past 12-month PDVV, using a single item from the YRBS. Prevalence: 13.5%

Abbreviations: AddHealth (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health); aOR (adjusted odds ratio); CADRI (Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationships Inventory).; CI (confidence interval); CTS/CTS2 (Conflicts Tactics Scales); ED (emergency department); m (mean); MJ (marijuana); OR (odds ratio); PDV (physical dating violence); PDVP (physical dating violence perpetration); PDVV (physical dating violence victimization); SD (standard deviation); SE (standard error); y (years); YRBS (Youth Risk Behavior Survey). Official abbreviations for states are also used.