Figure 5. NLD inhibits astrocyte activation in hippocampus after intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ_1-42.

(A) The representative immunohistochemistry images of GFAP in sham, vehicle, NLD-L, NLD-M, and NLD-H groups (n = 3/group). The images from first column showed the total hippocampus (40 × magnification). The selected CA1 and CA3 regions using black frames were enlarged 10 times and exhibited in the second and third column, respectively. The red arrows indicate the activated astrocytes. (B) A representative western blot image of GFAP expression in hippocampus from different groups. (C) Quantitative analysis of GFAP in hippocampus from different groups. The data are represented as the relative percentage to the sham group (n = 6/group). Only NLD-H group significantly reduced the upregulation of GFAP after Aβ_1-42 infusion. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and are presented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. the vehicle group.