Table 4.
Risk of dementia in selected subgroups of heart failure patients: adjusted hazard ratios (reference group general population)
| 1–10 year adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)* | 11–35 year adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)* | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Alzheimer’s disease | Vascular dementia | Other dementias | All-cause dementia | Alzheimer’s disease | Vascular dementia | Other dementias | All-cause dementia | |
| Myocardial infarction | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.90–1.15) | 1.23 (1.05–1.44) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) | 1.18 (0.95–1.46) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) |
| No | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.39 (1.31–1.48) | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) | 1.18 (1.15–1.20) | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 1.43 (1.25–1.64) | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) |
| Angina pectoris | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | 1.17 (1.09–1.26) | 1.07 (1.01–1.13) | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 0.99 (0.86–1.16) |
| No | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.36 (1.28–1.45) | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) | 1.19 (1.16–1.22) | 0.87 (0.78–0.97) | 1.38 (1.20–1.58) | 1.26 (1.18–1.35) | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.94 (0.83–1.06) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.94 (0.61–1.43) | 1.07 (0.66–1.72) | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 1.05 (0.86–1.30) |
| No | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.40 (1.32–1.49) | 1.25 (1.22–1.29) | 1.18 (1.15–1.20) | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 1.42 (1.25–1.62) | 1.24 (1.16–1.33) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) |
| Valvular heart disease | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.78 (0.62–0.98) | 1.17 (0.86–1.61) | 1.29 (1.09–1.53) | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 1.01 (0.46–2.23) | 2.24 (0.79–6.37) | 2.04 (1.21–3.46) | 1.71 (1.14–2.54) |
| No | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.37 (1.30–1.45) | 1.25 (1.21–1.28) | 1.17 (1.15–1.20) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 1.38 (1.22–1.57) | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) | 1.13 (1.07–1.19) |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.86–1.06) | 1.27 (1.12–1.44) | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) | 1.19 (1.13–1.26) | 0.63 (0.42–0.93) | 1.39 (0.90–2.16) | 1.13 (0.89–1.44) | 1.01 (0.84–1.22) |
| No | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.38 (1.29–1.47) | 1.23 (1.19–1.27) | 1.16 (1.13–1.19) | 0.86 (0.78–0.96) | 1.39 (1.22–1.59) | 1.24 (1.15–1.32) | 1.14 (1.08–1.20) |
| Myocarditis | ||||||||
| Yes | (.–.) | (.–.) | 3.72 (1.02–13.59) | 0.99 (0.37–2.67) | (.–.) | (.–.) | (.–.) | (.–.) |
| No | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.37 (1.30–1.45) | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | 1.17 (1.15–1.20) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 1.39 (1.23–1.58) | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) |
| Cardiomyopathy | ||||||||
| Yes | 0.86 (0.41–1.78) | 1.47 (0.63–3.46) | 1.18 (0.73–1.93) | 1.15 (0.80–1.65) | 1.12 (0.07–18.41) | (.–.) | 1.06 (0.15–7.30) | 1.85 (0.51–6.70) |
| No | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.37 (1.29–1.45) | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | 1.17 (1.15–1.20) | 0.85 (0.76–0.94) | 1.39 (1.23–1.58) | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | 1.13 (1.08–1.19) |
CI, confidence interval.
(.–.) Insufficient for estimates.
*
Adjusted for age, sex, calendar year, stroke, atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, myocardial infarction, stable angina pectoris, valvular heart disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, myxedema, alcoholism-related disease, head trauma, osteoarthritis, anemia, chronic kidney disease, and a modified CCI score (except the stratified variable).