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. 2017 Jul 21;7:6171. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06275-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DMS inhibits amastigote proliferation in T. cruzi-infected macrophages, increases NO and ROS and activates caspase 1. The percentage of infected macrophages (A) and the relative number of amastigotes per 100 macrophages (B) were determined by counting hematoxylin and eosin-stained cultures after 72 hours of treatment. (C) Nitric oxide was determined by Griess method after 72 hours of treatment. (D) Relative expression of NOS2 gene in infected macrophages treated or not with DMS. (E) Reactive oxygen species was quantified by stained with 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate after 30 minutes of treatment. (F–H) Relative expression of NFE2I2, CAT and SOD1 genes in infected macrophages treated or not with DMS. (I) IL-1β production quantified by ELISA. (J) Caspase-1 activity measured using caspase-Glo 1 inflammasome assay in cultures incubated with complete medium alone, with DMS (5 μM) or with DMS and YVAD (a caspase-1 inhibitor) in triplicate for 2 h. Values represent means ± SEM of 4 determinations. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05 compared to infected and untreated group; ^# P < 0.05 compared to uninfected and untreated group.