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. 2017 Jul 21;7:6120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05040-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Phospholipid metabolism was significantly changed in mice fed the HFHCC diet. (A) In the liver, total ceramides (Cer) and sphingomyelins (SM) levels were both significantly elevated after HFHCC diet compared to controls. Total phosphotidylcholines (PC) levels remained unaffected, while total phosphoethanolamines (PE) levels were markedly reduced by 44% after the HFHCC diet compared to controls. Total lysophosphotidylcholines (LPC) levels were increased after HFHCC diet, and total lysophosphoethanolamines (LPE) levels were not significantly different. Hepatic PC/PE ratio was significantly higher in the HFHCC diet group compared to controls. (B) Analysis by constructing heat maps showed metabolite species that were significantly changed in the liver after HFHCC diet. All Cer and SM species, most of which were saturated and monounsaturated, were highly elevated. There was a trend that PC and PE species containing low number (0–3) of double bonds were elevated, while those with higher number (>3) of double bonds, were reduced. (C) In the plasma, total levels of Cer and SM were both significantly elevated in the HFHCC diet group. PC levels were unchanged, while PE levels were significantly increased in the HFHCC diet group compared to control diet group. LPC levels were unchanged, while LPE levels were significantly decreased in the HFHCC diet group compared to control diet group. (D) Analysis by constructing heat maps showed metabolite species that were significantly changed in the plasma after the HFHCC diet. All detected Cer, SM, PC and PE species were elevated, while LPC and LPE species appeared reduced. (*adjusted p < 0.05; n = 6 mice for HFHCC diet, n = 8 for Control diet).