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. 2017 Jul 21;7:6182. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06473-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TW formation was inhibited in PtFLA6 antisense transgenic plants. (a) Expression analysis of PtFLAs in the transgenic TW xylem. The expression of PtFLAs in the TW xylem of WT was set to 1. Error bars represent SDs from three biological replicates. (b) Western blotting analysis of PtFLA6 protein in the transgenic TW xylem. An amount of 30 μg proteins were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and hybridized with PtFLA6 antibodies (Anti-FLA6) or plant actin antibodies (Anti-Actin), respectively. WT, wild type; L4 and L14, transgenic lines 4 and 14. (c) Ratio of TW area in the xylem area of transgenic plants. Error bars represent the SDs from five plants. **Indicates significant difference in comparison to WT at P < 0.01 (Student’s t-test). (d) Histochemical staining analysis of TW formation in transgenic plants. The horizontal line indicates the division between TW side and OW side. TW, tension wood; OW, opposite wood. Scale bars = 1 mm. (e) Transmission electron micrographs of G-fibers in transgenic TW. More AGF were present in transgenic TW. GF, G-fiber; AGF, abnormal G-fiber with stunted G-layer production; G, G-layer. Scale bars = 10 μm.