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. 2017 Jul 21;7:6157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06280-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Region-specific and band-limited NREM sleep EEG connectivity differences. Decreased WPLI was evidenced in the slow oscillation range for the C-T inter-regional pairing, as well as in the intra-regional O theta and LPF-T alpha synchronizations. Several Williams syndrome-specific increases in WPLIs were found in the theta, high sigma and beta ranges. Frequency range codes: SO = Slow oscillation, LSigma = Low sigma, HSigma = High sigma, LGamma = Low gamma, HGamma = High gamma. Color codes: Red = Williams syndrome > typically developing (B-H corrected), Yellow-orange = Williams syndrome > typically developing (uncorrected), Green = Williams syndrome ≈ typically developing, Light blue = Williams syndrome < typically developing (uncorrected), Blue = Williams syndrome < typically developing (B-H corrected). B-D. Theta, alpha and beta WPLI maps highlighting the patterns of absolute group means (left: Williams syndrome; middle: typically developing) and Williams syndrome-typically developing differences (right). Positions of the maps represent the seed derivation of the synchronization analyses (according to the 10–20 system), while the color patterns are the representations of the variable strengths in the synchronization (WPLI) between the respective region and the seed derivation.