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. 2017 Jul 21;7:6157. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06280-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Developmental trajectories of neural connectivity. (*) Denotes significant age × group effects based on homogeneity of slopes analysis indicating altered developmental patterns of sleep-related neural connectivity in Williams syndrome. Left column: NREM sleep, right column: REM sleep. Color codes: Red = Williams syndrome, blue = typically developing. (A and D) are examples of the 131 age-independent Williams syndrome vs. typically developing group differences in sleep EEG WPLI values. (B and C) Show the lack of an age-dependent increase in NREM sleep EEG connectivity (intra-area O theta and intra-area LPF high sigma), while (E and F) reflect the lack of any age-related decrease in REM sleep neural connectivity (inter-area C-O and P/IP-O theta) in Williams syndrome subjects.