Fig. 1.

Annual movement characteristics of Himalayan vulture (N = 18) (a). Seasonal home ranges: Pale yellow polygons (95% convex) with red polygons (50% convex) in the centre represent the extent of the winter home range, covering India, Nepal, and Tibetan Autonomous Region (China). Green polygons (95% polygons) with red polygons (50% polygons) in the centre denote the extent of the summer home range, covering Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and China, in Asian landscape (b). Initial movement distance: Each line symbolises a departure direction and distance from the wintering areas (India, Nepal, and Bhutan), northward to the first staging area during migration to the summering areas. The red lines are of Himalayan vultures that died during their first observation year, blue lines indicate birds that survived their first year of observation