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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Health Place. 2017 May 17;46:130–136. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.011

Table 2.

Hierarchical logistic regression models of SGAa births and tract-level and individual-level predictors (N=173 tracts, N=8,082)

Empty Model Model 1 Model 2b

OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Individual-level variables
Age (years) 1.01 (0.99, 1.03)
Education 1.01 (0.91, 1.12)
Medicaid (no=ref) 1.04(0.75, 1.45)
Total cigarettes smoked during pregnancy 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) *
Number of previous live births 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) *
Race (White=ref) 1.84 (1.46, 2.32) *
Tract-level variables
Domestic violence rate 1.11 (1.08, 1.15) * 1.04 (1.01, 1.08) *
Random effects
Variance between neighborhoods 0.14 0.07 0.03
Variance between individuals 3.29 3.29 3.29
Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)c 4.0% 2.0% 0.54%
Median odds ratio (MOR)d 1.4 1.3 1.2
−2 Res Log Likelihood 39847.0 39984.1 40125.7
Akaike information criterion (AIC) 1963.57 1954.65
Moran’s I 0.13* 0.04 0.02
R-squared 0.12 0.22

Note. p-value (two-sided):

*

p<0.05.

a

SGA, Small for Gestational Age.

b

Models adjusted for propensity score calculated on living in a high violent crime area.

c

ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient calculated using the formula of Snijders and Boskers.32

d

Because of limitations of the ICC for non-linear outcomes, the median odds ratio (MOR) was calculated.33