. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Am J Prev Med. 2017 Apr 25;53(2):241–251. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.02.013

Table 2.

Findings for Studies Examining Neighborhood Built Environment Characteristics and Cognition Among Older Adults

Author (year)	Study design	Built environment categories
Author (year)	Study design	Density^a n=3	Design^a n=2	Destination^a n=3	Diversity^a n=1	Distance to transit^a n=1
Clarke (2012)	Cross-sectional	NS		NS
Clarke (2015)	Longitudinal		+	+		+
Magaziner (1989)	Cross-sectional			+
Martinez (2007)	Longitudinal	NS
Watts (2015)	Longitudinal		+
Wu (2015)	Cross-sectional	+			+
Total significant studies		1 out of 3	2 out of 2	2 out of 3	1 out of 1	1 out of 1

Notes: + = At least one statistically significant association between neighborhood characteristic and cognition; NS = association between neighborhood characteristic and cognition was not statistically significant.

Density: e.g., population density, density of social destinations; Diversity: e.g., land use mix, business types in the neighborhood; Design: e.g., intersection density, presence of sidewalks; Destination accessibility: e.g., distance to nearest store; Distance to transit: e.g., distance to nearest bus stop.