Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models for the associations between upper body subcutaneous fat and continuous cardiometabolic risk factors.
| Cardiometabolic Risk Factors | Models* | Women | Men | p for Sex Interaction† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| β (95% CI) | p-Value | β (95% CI) | p-Value | |||
| Body Mass Index | MV | 3.23 (3.11, 3.34) | <.0001 | 2.65 (2.55, 2.76) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| MV + Neck | 2.94 (2.81, 3.07) | <.0001 | 1.96 (1.80, 2.11) | <.0001 | ||
| MV + VAT | 2.47 (2.29, 2.66) | <.0001 | 2.32 (2.18, 2.47) | <.0001 | ||
| Systolic Blood Pressure | MV | 2.16 (1.59, 2.72) | <.0001 | 0.88 (0.24, 1.53) | 0.008 | 0.0006 |
| MV + BMI | 1.43 (0.41, 2.45) | 0.006 | 1.07 (−0.11, 2.26) | 0.08 | ||
| MV + Neck | 1.94 (1.30, 2.59) | <.0001 | 0.97 (−0.03, 1.98) | 0.06 | ||
| MV + VAT | 1.30 (0.39, 2.20) | 0.005 | −0.15 (−1.07, 0.77) | 0.75 | ||
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | MV | 1.44 (1.10, 1.78) | <.0001 | 1.15 (0.73, 1.58) | <.0001 | 0.37 |
| MV + BMI | 1.02 (0.41, 1.63) | 0.001 | 0.83 (0.05, 1.61) | 0.04 | ||
| MV + Neck | 1.33 (0.94, 1.72) | <.0001 | 1.01 (0.35, 1.67) | 0.003 | ||
| MV + VAT | 1.19 (0.64, 1.73) | <.0001 | 0.28 (−0.33, 0.88) | 0.37 | ||
| Fasting Plasma Glucose | MV | 2.53 (2.03, 3.04) | <.0001 | 1.66 (0.73, 2.60) | 0.0005 | 0.11 |
| MV + BMI | 1.53 (0.60, 2.45) | 0.001 | 1.17 (−0.55, 2.88) | 0.18 | ||
| MV + Neck | 2.19 (1.60, 2.77) | <.0001 | 0.27 (−1.18, 1.72) | 0.71 | ||
| MV + VAT | 0.20 (−0.61, 1.01) | 0.63 | −0.08 (−1.41, 1.25) | 0.90 | ||
| Total Cholesterol | MV | 0.74 (−0.55, 2.03) | 0.26 | −0.92 (−2.52, 0.68) | 0.26 | 0.051 |
| MV + BMI | 1.43 (−0.92, 3.77) | 0.23 | −1.46 (−4.40, 1.47) | 0.33 | ||
| MV + Neck | 0.80 (−0.69, 2.29) | 0.29 | −1.55 (−4.04, 0.93) | 0.22 | ||
| MV + VAT | 2.10 (0.02, 4.17) | 0.05 | −3.63 (−5.90, −1.35) | 0.002 | ||
| Log Triglycerides | MV | 0.12 (0.11, 0.14) | <.0001 | 0.11 (0.09, 0.14) | <.0001 | 0.14 |
| MV + BMI | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) | <.0001 | 0.10 (0.05, 0.14) | <.0001 | ||
| MV + Neck | 0.11 (0.09, 0.13) | <.0001 | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12) | <.0001 | ||
| MV + VAT | 0.06 (0.03, 0.08) | <.0001 | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.06) | 0.12 | ||
| HDL Cholesterol | MV | −4.17 (−4.82, −3.52) | <.0001 | −3.68 (−4.36, −3.01) | <.0001 | 0.08 |
| MV + BMI | −3.68 (−4.87, −2.49) | <.0001 | −2.98 (−4.21, −1.76) | <.0001 | ||
| MV + Neck | −3.86 (−4.61, −3.10) | <.0001 | −2.70 (−3.74, −1.66) | <.0001 | ||
| MV + VAT | −1.18 (−2.22, −0.15) | 0.02 | −2.01 (−2.96, −1.06) | <.0001 | ||
| LDL Cholesterol | MV | 2.18 (1.01, 3.36) | 0.0003 | 0.08 (−1.30, 1.46) | 0.91 | 0.005 |
| MV + BMI | 2.33 (0.19, 4.48) | 0.03 | −0.75 (−3.27, 1.77) | 0.56 | ||
| MV + Neck | 2.34 (0.98, 3.70) | 0.0007 | −0.73 (−2.86, 1.40) | 0.50 | ||
| MV + VAT | 2.15 (0.25, 4.05) | 0.03 | −2.30 (−4.25, −0.35) | 0.02 | ||
Data are shown as β coefficients (95% CIs). The values of β coefficients describe the association with each cardiometabolic risk factor for a 50cm3 increment in upper body subcutaneous fat.
MV model adjusted for age, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity index, postmenopausal status (women only), and hormone replacement therapy (women only); MV + BMI model was additionally adjusted for BMI; MV + Neck model was additionally adjusted for neck circumference; and MV + VAT model was additionally adjusted for abdominal visceral adipose tissue volume. Model-specific adjustment was applied as follows: lipid-lowering treatment for the total cholesterol triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol models; hypertension treatment for the systolic and diastolic blood pressure models; and diabetes treatment for the fasting plasma glucose model.
Sex interaction was tested based on MV model.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MV, multivariable; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.