Table 4.

Changes in the plasma levels of glucose and hormones.

Variables	Diet during caloric restriction	Pre-test (PRE)	Exercise + caloric restriction (CRE)	Control diet + limited exercise (CD)	Time effect	Time × diet interaction P (Power)
Glucose (mmol/L)	Sucrose	5.8 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.8*	5.2 ± 0.5*	a, b, c	0.06 (0.51)
	Whey protein	5.4 ± 0.4	4.6 ± 0.4*	5.4 ± 0.3†
Insulin (mUI/L) §	Sucrose	8.5 ± 3.3	4.9 ± 1.8*	6.7 ± 1.7†	a, b, c	0.82 (0.08)
	Whey protein	12.1 ± 9.9	5.8 ± 2.3*	7.4 ± 3.8*
Total Testosterone (nmol/L)	Sucrose	14.0 ± 3.7	9.1 ± 3.5*	14.8 ± 4.6†	a, c	0.92 (0.06)
	Whey protein	11.7 ± 5.1	7.2 ± 4.2*	12.3 ± 5.0†
Free Testosterone (pmol/L)	Sucrose	45.9 ± 11.2	30.5 ± 15.5	38.1 ± 11.1	a, b, c	0.99 (0.05)
	Whey protein	38.2 ± 21.4	22.9 ± 13.4	30.3 ± 12.2
SHBG (nmol/L)	Sucrose	29.0 ± 10.2	38.5 ± 13.1*	41.9 ± 12.6*	a, b, c	0.33 (0.23)
	Whey protein	23.1 ± 7.9	29.2 ± 11.1*	33.2 ± 11.3*†
FAI	Sucrose	0.52 ± 0.19	0.25 ± 0.11*	0.37 ± 0.12*†	a, b, c	0.90 (0.06)
	Whey protein	0.51 ± 0.14	0.24 ± 0.07*	0.38 ± 0.12†
Cortisol (nmol/L)	Sucrose	615 ± 97	686 ± 108	660 ± 88	a, b	0.13 (0.42)
	Whey protein	682 ± 86	811 ± 210	643 ± 120†
C/TT §	Sucrose	46.5 ± 13.2	85.4 ± 33.3*	49.0 ± 18.1†	a, b	0.25 (0.28)
	Whey protein	68.1 ± 27.3	149.6 ± 78.1*	60.5 ± 26.8†
C/FT (×10−3) §	Sucrose	14.0 ± 2.9	27.4 ± 12.0*	18.7 ± 5.9*†	a, b, c	0.38 (0.21)
	Whey protein	22.5 ± 11.9	48.5 ± 27.2*	24.3 ± 10.4†

FAI, Free Androgen Index; SHBG, Sexual Hormone Binding Globulin; C/TT, cortisol/total testosterone; C/FT, Cortisol/ free testosterone.

^*P < 0.05 in comparison to PRE;

^†P < 0.05 in comparison to CR+Exercise. a, P < 0.05 for phase PRE vs. phase CRE; b, P < 0.05 for PRE vs. phase CD; c, P < 0.05 for CRE vs. phase CD; § log-transformed. The values presented are means ± standard deviation.