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A schematic diagram of the crosslink between autophagy and apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. Inhibition of autophagy signaling results in the accumulation of FOXO3a, which specifically binds to the promoter of PUMA and activates its expression. Activated PUMA inversely inhibits anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2, causing the abolition of Bcl-2-inhibiting Bax, eventually leading to the activation of Bax, which further activates the caspase cascades and causes apoptosis.
