Figure 2.

Relative efficiency of parameter estimates for G × E interaction and joint exposure effects using different sampling designs and likelihood approaches. Results are based on 1000 replicates, each including a cohort of 1000 subjects from which 250 are selected for retrospective genotyping. Unbalanced longitudinal outcome is considered, with a monotone missing pattern of 10% random dropouts at each follow-up visit and up to 5 measurements for each subject. Genotype assumed to be independent of personal exposure, with a prevalence of 0.2. βE = −1.5 and βGE = −1.5.