Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants (2005‐2010) by Median Blood Lead and 24‐Hour Urinary Cadmium (1985‐2000)
| Characteristic | Blood Lead (μmol/L) | 24‐Hour Urinary Cadmium (nmol) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limits | <0.180 | ≥0.180 | <6.08 | ≥6.08 |
| Number of participants (%) | ||||
| All participants in category | 90 | 89 | 90 | 89 |
| Women | 47 (52.2) | 43 (48.3) | 47 (52.2) | 43 (48.3) |
| Smokers | 22 (23.4) | 27 (30.3) | 28 (31.1) | 20 (22.5) |
| Drinking ≥5 g alcohol per day | 46 (51.1) | 34 (38.2) | 43 (47.8) | 37 (41.6) |
| Hypertension | 16 (17.8) | 40 (44.9)§ | 18 (20.0) | 38 (42.7)† |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 11 (12.2) | 28 (31.5)† | 13 (14.4) | 26 (29.2)* |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.2) |
| Mean (SD) of characteristic | ||||
| Age, y | 43.7 (14.3) | 58.6 (9.7)§ | 41.9 (12.2) | 60.3 (9.6)§ |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.7 (3.6) | 27.4 (4.4)† | 25.1 (4.0) | 28.0 (3.7)§ |
| Waist‐to‐hip ratio | 0.86 (0.08) | 0.89 (0.09)† | 0.86 (0.08) | 0.89 (0.09)† |
| Office blood pressure | ||||
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 123.2 (13.0) | 130.5 (16.1)† | 122.5 (13.3) | 131.2 (15.5)§ |
| Diastolic pressure, mm Hg | 77.4 (8.3) | 80.4 (9.3)* | 77.4 (9.0) | 80.4 (8.6)* |
| Mean arterial pressure, mm Hg | 92.6 (8.9) | 97.1 (10.2)† | 92.4 (9.6) | 97.3 (9.5)‡ |
| Heart rate, beats per minute | 60.1 (9.2) | 62.0 (8.6) | 61.0 (9.7) | 61.1 (8.2) |
| Biochemical data | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.17 (1.11) | 5.47 (0.92)* | 5.17 (1.05) | 5.46 (0.99) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.44 (0.35) | 1.48 (0.40) | 1.49 (0.35) | 1.43 (0.40) |
| Total/HDL cholesterol ratio | 3.73 (0.96) | 3.91 (1.05) | 3.62 (0.94) | 4.02 (1.04)† |
| Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 4.82 (0.68) | 4.87 (0.50) | 4.73 (0.64) | 4.96 (0.53)* |
| Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 82.0 (14.0) | 85.2 (14.7) | 81.9 (13.9) | 85.3 (14.7) |
| γ‐glutamyltransferase, units/L | 20 (14‐28) | 24 (18‐32) | 20 (14‐28) | 24 (18‐35)* |
Hypertension was a blood pressure of ≥140 mm Hg systolic or ≥90 mm Hg diastolic or use of antihypertensive drugs. Diabetes mellitus was a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L or use of antidiabetic agents. For γ‐glutamyltransferase, values are geometric mean (interquartile range). HDL indicates high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Significance of the between‐group differences: *P≤0.05; † P≤0.01; ‡ P≤0.001; § P<0.0001.