Table 2.
Echocardiographic Measurements (2005‐2010) by Medians of the Exposure Biomarkers (1985‐2000)
| Characteristic | Blood Lead (μmol/L) | 24‐Hour Urinary Cadmium (nmol) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limits | <0.180 | ≥0.180 | <6.08 | ≥6.08 |
| Participants in category, number | 90 | 89 | 90 | 89 |
| Left ventricular structure | ||||
| Mass index, g/m2 | 84.0 (16.9) | 93.0 (19.50)† | 81.5 (12.9) | 95.5 (21.0)§ |
| Hypertrophy, n (%) | 5 (5.6) | 18 (20.2)† | 2 (2.2) | 21 (23.6)§ |
| End‐diastolic diameter, cm | 5.05 (0.46) | 4.99 (0.43) | 5.01 (0.42) | 5.04 (0.47) |
| Relative wall thickness | 0.35 (0.06) | 0.38 (0.05)§ | 0.34 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.06)§ |
| Systolic function | ||||
| Ejection fraction, % | 67.7 (6.9) | 69.1 (7.7) | 67.3 (6.9) | 69.5 (7.8) |
| Global longitudinal strain, % | 20.0 (2.4) | 18.9 (2.6)† | 19.5 (2.4) | 19.5 (2.8) |
| Regional longitudinal strain, % | 22.9 (3.2) | 21.0 (3.9)‡ | 22.5 (3.0) | 21.4 (4.2)* |
| Regional longitudinal strain rate, s−1 | 1.34 (0.28) | 1.24 (0.24)† | 1.32 (0.23) | 1.25 (0.29) |
| Regional radial strain, % | 60.3 (12.2) | 55.0 (12.7)† | 61.2 (12.3) | 54.0 (12.0)‡ |
| Regional radial strain rate, s−1 | 3.37 (0.68) | 3.09 (0.73)† | 3.44 (0.75) | 3.02 (0.62)‡ |
| Diastolic function | ||||
| E peak, cm/s | 78.6 (15.9) | 72.4 (14.8)† | 80.2 (15.9) | 70.8 (14.0)§ |
| E/A ratio | 1.50 (0.51) | 1.04 (0.32)§ | 1.51 (0.48) | 1.03 (0.33)§ |
| e′, cm/s | 13.1 (3.5) | 9.9 (2.7)§ | 13.5 (3.2) | 9.5 (2.5)§ |
| E/e′ ratio | 6.29 (1.72) | 7.71 (2.26)§ | 6.18 (1.57) | 7.83 (2.29)§ |
Values are mean (SD) except for left ventricular hypertrophy, for which number of participants (%) are given. Due to image quality, global longitudinal strain and radial strain were available in 173 and 166 participants; the number of participants with exposure measurements </≥ median was 90/83 and 86/80 for blood lead, respectively, and 87/86 and 86/80 for 24‐hour urinary cadmium, respectively.
Significance of the between‐group differences: *P≤0.05; † P≤0.01; ‡ P≤0.001, § P<0.0001.