Table 4.
Multivariable‐Adjusted Associations of Systolic Left Ventricular Function (2005‐2010) With the Exposure Biomarkers (1985‐2000)
| Characteristic (Number of Participants) | Biomarker | Estimate (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncorrected | Corrected | |||
| Ejection fraction, % (n=179) | Blood lead | 0.150 (−1.019 to 1.320) | 0.190 (−1.293 to 1.675) | 0.800 |
| Urinary cadmium | −0.283 (−1.628 to 1.116) | −0.327 (−1.942 to 1.288) | 0.689 | |
| Global longitudinal strain, % (n=173) | Blood lead | −0.392 (−0.753 to −0.030) | −0.497 (−0.957 to −0.038) | 0.034 |
| Urinary cadmium | −0.136 (−0.579 to 0.308) | −0.157 (−0.669 to 0.355) | 0.547 | |
| Regional longitudinal strain, % (n=179) | Blood lead | −0.618 (−1.167 to −0.068) | −0.784 (−1.482 to −0.087) | 0.028 |
| Urinary cadmium | −0.609 (−1.271 to 0.053) | −0.702 (−1.467 to 0.061) | 0.071 | |
| Regional longitudinal strain rate, s−1 (n=179) | Blood lead | −0.056 (−0.097 to −0.015) | −0.071 (−0.124 to −0.019) | 0.008 |
| Urinary cadmium | −0.066 (−0.115 to −0.017) | −0.076 (−0.133 to −0.019) | 0.009 | |
| Regional radial strain, % (n=166) | Blood lead | −1.825 (−3.740 to 0.090) | −2.316 (−4.748 to −0.115) | 0.062 |
| Urinary cadmium | −2.848 (−5.134 to −0.561) | −3.287 (−5.927 to −0.648) | 0.015 | |
| Regional radial strain rate, s−1 (n=166) | Blood lead | −0.113 (−0.226 to −0.0002) | −0.143 (−0.287 to −0.0002) | 0.050 |
| Urinary cadmium | −0.117 (−0.254 to 0.019) | −0.135 (−0.292 to 0.022) | 0.092 | |
HDL indicates high‐density lipoprotein. Associations were adjusted for sex, age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, total‐to‐HDL cholesterol ratio, serum creatinine, γ‐glutamyltransferase, smoking, and antihypertensive treatment (by drug class) and express the effect size for a doubling of the exposure biomarker. Uncorrected and corrected indicate whether association sizes were corrected for regression dilution bias using the quantile method (see Statistical Methods).