Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants
| Characteristics | Beta‐blocker Use (n=106) | No Beta‐blocker Use (n=106) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 63±9 | 62±10 | 0.41 |
| Male sex | 102 (96) | 97 (91) | 0.15 |
| Race | |||
| White | 49 (46) | 51 (48) | 0.49 |
| Black | 49 (46) | 52 (49) | 0.49 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 31±7 | 31±7 | 0.87 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 148±19 | 145±18 | 0.26 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 84±14 | 84±11 | 0.46 |
| Mean blood pressure, mm Hg | 117±17 | 114±14 | 0.16 |
| Pulse pressure, mm Hg | 63.8 (13.6) | 62.1 (14.4) | 0.39 |
| Current smoker | 19 (18) | 33 (31) | 0.025 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 47 (44.3) | 53 (50) | 0.41 |
| Hemoglobin A1C, % | 6.5±1.3 | 6.4±1.6 | 0.61 |
| eGFR, mL/(min·1.73 m2) | 85±29 | 86±30 | 0.80 |
| Coronary artery disease | 18 (17) | 45 (42.5) | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor use | 62 (59) | 54 (51) | 0.27 |
| ARB use | 13 (12) | 10 (9) | 0.51 |
| Calcium‐channel blocker use | 36 (34) | 39 (37) | 0.67 |
| Thiazide use | 32 (30.2) | 38 (36.2) | 0.36 |
| Spironolactone use | 6 (5.7) | 2 (1.9) | 028 |
| Specific beta‐blocker used | |||
| Metoprolol | 55 (51.9) | — | — |
| Carvedilol | 28 (26.4) | — | — |
| Atenolol | 13 (12.3) | — | — |
| Labetalol | 4 (3.8) | — | — |
| Propranolol | 4 (3.8) | — | — |
| Other | 2 (1.9) | — | — |
| LVEF, % | 60±8 | 62±8 | 0.035 |
| LVM, g | 154±41 | 151±38 | 0.54 |
| LVM index, g/m1.7 | 58±14 | 58±14 | 0.89 |
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 | 33±14 | 34±22 | 0.58 |
| E to septal eʹ ratio | 11±6 | 11±8 | 0.65 |
| Resting heart rate, beats/min | 61.9±11.1 | 65.2±11.9 | 0.053 |
| Carotid augmentation indexa | 13.6±15.2 | 11.2±16.7 | 0.12 |
| Carotid pulse pressurea | 62.9±23.5 | 56.6±22.1 | 0.065 |
| Carotid‐to‐brachial pressure amplificationa | 1.08±0.23 | 1.18±0.28 | 0.008 |
Values are mean±SD or counts (percentages). ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVM, left ventricular mass.
a
Data available in 176 subjects (89 who used beta‐blockers and 87 who did not use beta‐blockers).