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. 2017 Mar 2;6(3):e004716. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004716

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© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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Effective refractory periods (ERP), ERP dispersion, and cumulative window of vulnerability (ΣWOV) changes in 4 groups. BS indicates baseline; Ctr, control; D‐RSS, distal RSS; M‐RSS, middle RSS; P‐RSS, proximal RSS; RA and LA, right and left atria; RAA and LAA, right and left atrial appendage; RIPV and LIPV, right and left inferior pulmonary vein; RSPV and LSPV, right and left superior pulmonary vein; RSS, renal sympathetic stimulation; 1H, 2H, 3H indicate 1, 2, and 3 hours of RSS, respectively. *P<0.05 vs BS; ^# P<0.05 vs other 3 groups at the same time point.