Table 4.
Hazard Ratios Relating HF Outcome to Risk Factors, Including Classes of Antihypertensive Treatment
| Study Population (Health ABC, PREDICTOR, PROSPER) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Risk Factor | Hazard Ratio | 95% CI | P Value |
| Female | 0.87 | 0.71–1.05 | 0.15 |
| Age, per y | 1.08 | 1.05–1.11 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 0.007 |
| Smoking (0,1) | 1.84 | 1.46–2.32 | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (0,1) | 1.36 | 1.07–1.72 | 0.012 |
| History of coronary artery disease (0,1) | 2.52 | 2.08–3.06 | <0.0001 |
| Use of β‐blockers (0,1) | 1.03 | 0.81–1.30 | 0.84 |
| Use of RAAS inhibitors (0,1) | 1.55 | 1.27–1.90 | <0.0001 |
| Use of vasodilators (0,1) | 1.35 | 1.13–1.67 | 0.003 |
| Use of diuretics (0,1) | 1.37 | 1.13–1.67 | 0.002 |
| Systolic blood pressure, per mm Hg | 1.009 | 1.005–1.013 | <0.0001 |
| Heart rate, per beats per min | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | <0.0001 |
| Serum creatinine, per μmol/L | 1.005 | 1.004–1.006 | <0.0001 |
Hazard ratios are expressed per 1‐unit increase in continuous risk factors. All analyses are corrected for study; the analysis in the patient cohort was further corrected for randomization group. Health ABC indicates Health Aging and Body Composition; HF, heart failure; PREDICTOR, Valutazione della PREvalenza di DIsfunzione Cardiaca asinTOmatica e di scompenso cardiac; PROSPER, Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk; RAAS, renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system.