Table 1.
Characteristics of the Sample
| Overall | Metabolic Syndrome | Objective Sleep Duration | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | P Value | ≥6 h | <6 h | P Value | ||
| N | 1344 | 536 | 808 | 649 | 695 | ||
| Male, % | 42.2 | 37.9 | 48.9 | <0.01a | 36.7 | 49.3 | <0.01a |
| Age, y | 48.8 (14.2) | 44.9 (15.6) | 54.6 (11.6) | <0.01a | 45.5 (13.1) | 54.2 (13.5) | <0.01a |
| ≤40, % | 28.4 | 36.3 | 16.2 | <0.01a | 37.1 | 17.2 | <0.01a |
| 41 to 59, % | 57.5 | 55.8 | 60.0 | 56.9 | 58.1 | ||
| ≥60, % | 14.1 | 7.9 | 23.8 | 6.0 | 24.7 | ||
| Black race, % | 9.5 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 0.48 | 11.0 | 7.6 | 0.03a |
| White, % | 88.2 | 87.2 | 89.7 | 0.06 | 86.1 | 90.8 | 0.01a |
| Black, % | 9.5 | 9.9 | 8.8 | 11.0 | 7.6 | ||
| Hispanic, % | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | ||
| Other, % | 1.6 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 1.1 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.3 (5.9) | 25.5 (5.6) | 30.0 (5.4) | <0.01a | 27.1 (6.3) | 27.6 (5.5) | <0.01a |
| Obesity, % | 23.2 | 9.2 | 44.9 | <0.01a | 22.7 | 23.9 | 0.56 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 210.1 (83.8) | 193.4 (58.5) | 236.0 (92.8) | <0.01a | 204.8 (63.4) | 216.8 (98.8) | <0.01a |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 53.7 | 32.9 | 86.1 | <0.01a | 50.1 | 58.4 | <0.01a |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 153.1 (128.4) | 115.7 (112.9) | 211.2 (122.5) | <0.01a | 147.9 (145.5) | 159.9 (109.9) | 0.07 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia, % | 38.0 | 16.1 | 71.9 | <0.01a | 34.4 | 42.5 | <0.01a |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 100.0 (31.1) | 90.8 (24.1) | 114.3 (31.3) | <0.01a | 95.6 (28.4) | 105.8 (32.5) | <0.01a |
| Glucose dysregulation, % | 35.8 | 25.6 | 72.8 | <0.01a | 28.6 | 45.1 | <0.01a |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127.7 (17.7) | 122.1 (19.2) | 136.3 (13.8) | <0.01a | 124.9 (15.6) | 131.2 (19.0) | <0.01a |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 79.8 (10.0) | 77.3 (10.9) | 83.8 (8.3) | <0.01a | 79.4 (10.0) | 80.3 (9.9) | 0.09 |
| High blood pressure, % | 47.9 | 27.0 | 80.5 | <0.01a | 40.0 | 58.1 | <0.01a |
| Smoker, % | 22.4 | 23.6 | 20.4 | 0.15 | 23.6 | 20.8 | 0.19 |
| Alcohol, drink/day | 1.1 (5.8) | 0.8 (3.4) | 1.5 (6.9) | 0.03a | 1.2 (7.9) | 0.9 (2.7) | 0.35 |
| Heart disease, % | 9.1 | 6.0 | 13.7 | <0.01a | 8.8 | 9.5 | 0.62 |
| Stroke, % | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 0.17 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.52 |
| Depression, % | 17.0 | 15.2 | 19.9 | 0.02a | 17.2 | 16.8 | 0.85 |
| Insomnia, % | 7.5 | 6.6 | 9.1 | 0.08 | 5.6 | 10.1 | <0.01a |
| Apnea/hypopnea index | 1.9 (6.6) | 1.0 (4.4) | 3.2 (7.6) | <0.01a | 1.1 (4.7) | 2.9 (7.8) | <0.01a |
| SDB, % | 7.6 | 6.4 | 12.1 | <0.01a | 5.3 | 13.0 | <0.01a |
| Objective sleep duration, h | 5.9 (1.3) | 6.1 (1.5) | 5.6 (1.1) | <0.01a | 6.8 (0.5) | 4.8 (0.9) | <0.01a |
| Crude all‐cause mortality, % | 22.0 | 15.1 | 32.7 | <0.01a | 13.0 | 33.6 | <0.01a |
Data are presented as mean (SD) and proportions for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. t test and chi‐square were used, as appropriate, to calculate the P values. All data adjusted by sampling weight, except number of cases (N) across groups. Obesity=body mass index ≥30 m2/kg. Hypercholesterolemia=elevated total cholesterol levels (≥200 mg/dL). Hypertriglyceridemia=elevated triglycerides levels (≥150 mg/dL). Glucose dysregulation=elevated fasting glucose levels (≥100 mg/dL) or treatment for diabetes mellitus. High blood pressure=elevated blood pressure levels (≥130/85 mm Hg) or antihypertensive treatment. BMI indicates body mass index; SDB, sleep disordered breathing (apnea/hypopnea index ≥5 events per hour of sleep).
P<0.05.