Table 2.
Subgroup Analysis of Attenuated HRR and Risk of Cardiovascular Events
| Variable | Attenuated HRR vs Fast HRR | Per 10 bpm Decrement in HRR | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | HR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P heterogeneity | N | HR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | P heterogeneity | |
| Recovery time point | ||||||||
| 2 minutes | 2 | 2.65 (1.51, 4.67) | <1 | 0.69 | 2 | 1.18 (1.07, 1.30) | <1 | 0.73 |
| 1 minute | 2 | 1.30 (0.78, 2.16) | 61.8 | 0.11 | 1 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | NA | NA |
| Exercise stress testing workloads | ||||||||
| Maximal | 2 | 1.78 (1.17, 2.72) | <1 | 0.63 | 1 | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | NA | NA |
| Submaximal | 2 | 1.64 (0.59, 4.56) | 84.6 | 0.01 | 1 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | NA | NA |
| Other | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 1 | 1.16 (1.01, 1.31) | NA | NA |
| Country | ||||||||
| USA | 4 | 1.69 (1.05, 2.71) | 60.9 | 0.05 | 3 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 4.0 | 0.45 |
| Others | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| Cardiovascular events | ||||||||
| Fatal | 2 | 1.78 (1.17, 2.72) | <1 | 0.63 | 1 | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) | NA | NA |
| Nonfatal | 2 | 1.64 (0.59, 4.56) | 84.6 | 0.01 | 2 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 5.2 | 0.3 |
| Adjusting for: | ||||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.69 (1.05, 2.71) | 60.9 | 0.05 | 3 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 4.0 | 0.45 |
| No | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| VO2max | ||||||||
| Yes | 0 | NA | NA | NA | 0 | NA | NA | NA |
| No | 4 | 1.69 (1.05, 2.71) | 60.9 | 0.05 | 3 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.21) | 4.0 | 0.45 |
| At least 3 metabolic factors | ||||||||
| Yes | 3 | 1.41 (0.90, 2.19) | 45.7 | 0.16 | 2 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.26) | 44.7 | 0.18 |
| No | 1 | 2.87 (1.45, 5.68) | NA | NA | 1 | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) | NA | NA |
bpm indicates beats per minute; HR, hazard ratio; HRR, heart rate recovery; NA, not applicable; VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption.