Figure 3.

Published randomized controlled trials of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments for VCI. Data were abstracted from 130 eligible trials. The area of the bubble is linearly proportional to the total randomized sample size. Bubbles are color coded according to the presumed mechanism of action. “Multiple” indicates that the trial compared drugs or strategies with more than 1 mechanism, with or without an additional untreated control group. Nonpharmacological strategies included group therapy, acupuncture, and transcranial magnetic stimulation or direct current stimulation. NMDA, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate.