Table 1.
Characteristics of Cases and Controls
| Cases (%) n=2690 | Controls (%) n=19 538 | Nonadjusted ORa (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age mean, y (±SD) | 72.0 (10.8) | 72.0 (11.2) | ··· |
| Men | 1403 (52.16) | 10 246 (52.44) | ··· |
| Visits, n | |||
| <6 | 287 (10.67) | 3480 (17.81) | 1 (ref) |
| 6–15 | 909 (33.79) | 7918 (40.53) | 1.46 (1.27–1.68) |
| 16–24 | 782 (29.07) | 4790 (24.52) | 2.11 (1.82–2.44) |
| ≥25 | 712 (26.47) | 3350 (17.15) | 2.77 (2.38–3.21) |
| History of IHD (no AMI) | 174 (6.47) | 986 (5.05) | 1.34 (1.13–1.58) |
| History of AMI | 186 (6.91) | 1013 (5.18) | 1.37 (1.16–1.61) |
| History of TIA | 90 (3.35) | 395 (2.02) | 1.69 (1.33–2.13) |
| Heart failure | 153 (5.69) | 687 (3.52) | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 262 (9.74) | 974 (4.99) | 2.08 (1.80–2.41) |
| Hypertension | 1597 (59.37) | 9824 (50.28) | 1.48 (1.36–1.61) |
| Dyslipidemia | 978 (36.36) | 6511 (33.32) | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 907 (33.72) | 4028 (20.62) | 1.97 (1.80–2.15) |
| PAD | 108 (4.01) | 488 (2.50) | 1.64 (1.32–2.03) |
| COPD | 264 (9.81) | 1677 (8.58) | 1.18 (1.02–1.35) |
| Depression | 392 (14.57) | 2046 (10.47) | 1.46 (1.30–1.65) |
| Hyperuricemia | 120 (4.46) | 757 (3.87) | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) |
| Gout | 129 (4.80) | 685 (3.51) | 1.41 (1.16–1.71) |
| Renal failure | 127 (4.72) | 594 (3.04) | 1.58 (1.30–1.92) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 24 (0.89) | 189 (0.97) | 0.92 (0.60–1.40) |
| Osteoarthritis | 807 (30.0) | 5395 (27.61) | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never smoker | 920 (34.20) | 6818 (34.90) | 1 (ref) |
| Current smoker | 736 (27.36) | 4732 (24.22) | 1.15 (1.04–1.28) |
| Past smoker | 266 (9.89) | 1634 (8.36) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) |
| No record | 786 (28.55) | 6354 (32.52) | 0.90 (0.81–0.99) |
| Alcohol abuse | 537 (19.96) | 3098 (15.86) | 1.36 (1.22–1.52) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||
| <25 | 332 (12.34) | 2212 (11.32) | 1 (ref) |
| 25–30 | 827 (30.74) | 5687 (29.11) | 0.97 (0.85–1.11) |
| >30 | 752 (27.96) | 4669 (23.90) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) |
| No record | 779 (28.96) | 6970 (35.67) | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) |
| Current use of | |||
| Low‐dose aspirin | 507 (18.85) | 2369 (12.13) | 1.77 (1.59–1.98) |
| Nonaspirin antiplatelet | 155 (5.76) | 704 (3.60) | 1.66 (1.39–1.99) |
| α‐Blockers | 83 (3.09) | 556 (2.85) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 411 (15.28) | 2392 (12.24) | 1.39 (1.24–1.56) |
| β‐Blockers | 293 (10.89) | 1490 (7.63) | 1.51 (1.33–1.73) |
| ACEIs | 608 (22.60) | 3529 (18.06) | 1.45 (1.31–1.60) |
| ARBs | 324 (12.04) | 1958 (10.02) | 1.25 (1.10–1.42) |
| Nitrates | 179 (6.65) | 896 (4.59) | 1.52 (1.29–1.80) |
| Oral anticoagulants | 150 (5.58) | 802 (4.10) | 1.39 (1.16–1.67) |
| Diuretics, high ceiling | 323 (12.01) | 1442 (7.38) | 1.81 (1.59–2.07) |
| Diuretics, low ceiling | 251 (9.33) | 2029 (10.38) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) |
| Diuretics, K sparing | 50 (1.86) | 233 (1.19) | 1.58 (1.16–2.15) |
| Corticosteroids | 55 (2.04) | 407 (2.08) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) |
| NSAIDs | 334 (12.42) | 2277 (11.65) | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) |
| Paracetamol | 481 (17.88) | 3354 (17.17) | 1.14 (1.01–1.29) |
| Metamizole | 114 (4.24) | 732 (3.75) | 1.12 (0.96–1.44) |
| Colchicine | 16 (0.59) | 75 (0.38) | 1.57 (0.91–2.70) |
| Allopurinol | 94 (3.49) | 578 (2.96) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) |
| PPI | 606 (22.53) | 3803 (19.46) | 1.22 (1.10–1.35) |
| H2 blockers | 82 (3.05) | 616 (3.15) | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) |
ACEI indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; H2, histamine receptor type 2; IHD, ischemic heart disease; NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; OR, odds ratio; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; ref, reference; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
a
Adjusted only for matching factors (age, sex, and calendar year).