TABLE 2.
In-Hospital Therapies, Procedures and Medications on Discharge, Mortality, and Length of Stay for Patients With HFpEF Overall According to Race/Ethnicity
| Overall (N = 53,065) | White (n = 44,871) | Black (n = 4,767) | Hispanic (n = 2,260) | Asian (n = 842) | Other (n = 325) | p Value | Standardized Difference White vs.
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Black | Hispanic | Asian | Other | ||||||||
| In-hospital procedures | |||||||||||
| Cardiac catheterization/coronary angiography | 4.71 | 4.73 | 5.04 | 4.01 | 3.13 | 5.85 | 0.2109 | 0.015 | 0.035 | 0.082 | 0.050 |
| PCI | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.49 | 0.5747 | 0.015 | 0.016 | 0.015 | 0.064 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.33 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0 | 0.8706 | 0.012 | 0.001 | 0.022 | 0.073 |
| Cardiac valve surgery | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.6066 | 0.032 | 0.017 | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Pacemaker | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.9979 | 0.004 | 0.008 | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| CRT-D | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0.6011 | 0.019 | 0.011 | 0.071 | 0.071 |
| ICD only | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.1609 | 0.035 | 0.008 | 0.042 | 0.042 |
| Cardioversion | 1.04 | 1.11 | 0.72 | 0.40 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.0168 | 0.041 | 0.082 | 0.057 | 0.070 |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.6926 | 0.011 | 0.005 | 0.040 | 0.033 |
| Dialysis | 2.92 | 2.29 | 6.78 | 5.61 | 7.63 | 8.78 | <0.0001 | 0.217 | 0.171 | 0.248 | 0.287 |
| Ultrafiltration | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.49 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.0019 | 0.055 | 0.031 | 0.059 | 0.059 |
| CRT-P | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.9498 | 0.009 | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.056 |
| Atrial fibrillation ablation or surgery | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0.5199 | 0.041 | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.041 |
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| No procedures | 84.06 | 84.76 | 78.74 | 82.82 | 81.02 | 74.63 | <0.0001 | 0.156 | 0.053 | 0.100 | 0.254 |
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| Procedures are missing | 32.35 | 31.72 | 35.96 | 33.81 | 39.31 | 36.92 | <0.0001 | 0.090 | 0.044 | 0.159 | 0.110 |
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| Discharge medications | |||||||||||
| ACE inhibitors | 34.37 | 34.08 | 37.58 | 36.48 | 26.06 | 32.58 | <0.0001 | 0.073 | 0.050 | 0.176 | 0.032 |
| ARB | 17.86 | 16.97 | 19.98 | 25.41 | 28.63 | 25.00 | <0.0001 | 0.078 | 0.208 | 0.280 | 0.198 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 34.28 | 36.42 | 22.74 | 22.06 | 22.80 | 25.17 | <0.0001 | 0.303 | 0.320 | 0.302 | 0.246 |
| Beta-blocker | 73.65 | 73.62 | 74.25 | 72.70 | 74.78 | 73.33 | 0.9015 | 0.014 | 0.021 | 0.027 | 0.006 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 9.56 | 9.97 | 7.64 | 6.95 | 6.69 | 8.87 | <0.0001 | 0.082 | 0.109 | 0.119 | 0.037 |
| Diabetic medications | 40.81 | 38.03 | 55.44 | 56.58 | 48.92 | 50.00 | <0.0001 | 0.354 | 0.378 | 0.221 | 0.243 |
| Lipid-lowering medications | 56.19 | 55.63 | 57.70 | 61.18 | 59.74 | 64.68 | <0.0001 | 0.042 | 0.113 | 0.083 | 0.186 |
| Hydralazine nitrate | 11.22 | 9.92 | 21.37 | 14.46 | 12.44 | 13.07 | <0.0001 | 0.319 | 0.139 | 0.080 | 0.099 |
| Diuretic | 44.75 | 45.24 | 42.71 | 41.84 | 39.29 | 40.95 | <0.0001 | 0.051 | 0.069 | 0.121 | 0.087 |
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| In-hospital outcomes | |||||||||||
| In-hospital death | 2.87 | 3.01 | 1.70 | 2.30 | 3.44 | 3.08 | <0.0001 | 0.086 | 0.044 | 0.025 | 0.004 |
| Length of hospital stay, d | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–7) | 4 (3–7) | 4 (3–6) | 4 (3–6) | <0.0001 | 0.082 | 0.081 | 0.048 | 0.027 |
Values are % or median (IQR).
CRT-D = cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; CRP-P = cardiac resynchronization therapy pacemaker; other abbreviations as in Table 1.