TABLE 4.
Associations Between Follow-Up Outcomes and Race/Ethnicity Controlling for Patient Factors and Socioeconomic and Hospital Factors
| Race/Ethnic Groups | Unadjusted
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value | ||
| 30-day mortality | Black | 0.65 (0.55–0.76) | <0.001 | 0.85 (0.72–0.99) | 0.040 | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.029 | 0.84 (0.71–0.98) | 0.031 |
| Hispanic | 0.66 (0.53–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.78 (0.65–0.95) | 0.012 | 0.78 (0.64–0.95) | 0.013 | 0.78 (0.64–0.96) | 0.017 | |
| Asian | 0.65 (0.42–0.99) | 0.043 | 0.70 (0.47–1.06) | 0.090 | 0.74 (0.49–1.11) | 0.143 | 0.76 (0.51–1.14) | 0.184 | |
| Other | 0.93 (0.63–1.35) | 0.694 | 1.15 (0.77–1.73) | 0.486 | 1.17 (0.78–1.76) | 0.444 | 1.17 (0.78–1.75) | 0.439 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 30-day all-cause readmission | Black | 1.12 (1.06–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | 0.004 | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.012 |
| Hispanic | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.070 | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 0.089 | 1.11 (0.98–1.26) | 0.104 | 1.07 (0.95–1.22) | 0.259 | |
| Asian | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) | 0.043 | 0.90 (0.79–1.01) | 0.082 | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 0.557 | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.313 | |
| Other | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 0.576 | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 0.482 | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 0.808 | 0.96 (0.78–1.20) | 0.748 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 30-day cardiovascular readmission | Black | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.025 | 1.11 (1.00–1.22) | 0.041 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 0.114 | 1.07 (0.97–1.18) | 0.156 |
| Hispanic | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) | 0.032 | 1.12 (0.99–1.25) | 0.066 | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 0.108 | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 0.137 | |
| Asian | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) | 0.661 | 0.97 (0.82–1.15) | 0.748 | 1.05 (0.88–1.26) | 0.578 | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 0.856 | |
| Other | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 0.446 | 0.88 (0.65–1.20) | 0.436 | 0.95 (0.69–1.29) | 0.724 | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.648 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 30-day heart failure readmission | Black | 1.13 (1.01–1.26) | 0.038 | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 0.080 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.192 | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) | 0.243 |
| Hispanic | 1.23 (1.04–1.46) | 0.014 | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 0.031 | 1.19 (1.00–1.41) | 0.046 | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 0.044 | |
| Asian | 0.90 (0.72–1.13) | 0.359 | 0.92 (0.74–1.16) | 0.485 | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 0.808 | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 0.869 | |
| Other | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | 0.522 | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.513 | 0.97 (0.68–1.37) | 0.849 | 0.95 (0.67–1.34) | 0.778 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 30-day composite of mortality/readmission | Black | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 0.109 | 1.08 (1.02–1.15) | 0.010 | 1.07 (1.00–1.13) | 0.047 | 1.06 (0.99–1.12) | 0.083 |
| Hispanic | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 0.349 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.171 | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 0.190 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.387 | |
| Asian | 0.85 (0.74–0.96) | 0.011 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.033 | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 0.256 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.165 | |
| Other | 0.96 (0.78–1.20) | 0.746 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 0.864 | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.818 | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.867 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 1-yr mortality | Black | 0.76 (0.70–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.93 (0.86–0.99) | 0.034 | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 0.021 | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) | 0.031 |
| Hispanic | 0.72 (0.64–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.74–0.90) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | <0.001 | |
| Asian | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.65–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.75 (0.66–0.86) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.66–0.88) | <0.001 | |
| Other | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 0.031 | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) | 0.856 | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.948 | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.982 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 1-yr all-cause readmission | Black | 1.16 (1.11–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.11–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.09–1.20) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.08 (0.98–1.18) | 0.114 | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | 0.115 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.097 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 0.209 | |
| Asian | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.003 | 0.91 (0.85–0.98) | 0.013 | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 0.598 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.139 | |
| Other | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) | 0.713 | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 0.639 | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 0.173 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 0.229 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 1-yr cardiovascular readmission | Black | 1.25 (1.18–1.33) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.18–1.34) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.17–1.33) | <0.001 | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.17 (1.08–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.07–1.25) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.08–1.24) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 0.003 | |
| Asian | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.332 | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.498 | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 0.654 | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) | 0.842 | |
| Other | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.625 | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 0.650 | 1.02 (0.87–1.21) | 0.777 | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 0.921 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
|
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| 1-yr heart failure readmission | Black | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) | <0.001 | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | <0.001 | 1.24 (1.15–1.33) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 0.005 | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 0.006 | 1.14 (1.03–1.26) | 0.010 | 1.10 (0.99–1.23) | 0.080 | |
| Asian | 0.92 (0.79–1.06) | 0.254 | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 0.358 | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 0.851 | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | 0.715 | |
| Other | 1.00 (0.81–1.24) | 0.965 | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) | 0.843 | 1.10 (0.89–1.35) | 0.388 | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 0.466 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
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| 1-yr composite of mortality/readmission | Black | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.08–1.19) | <0.001 | 1.13 (1.07–1.18) | <0.001 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 1.02 (0.93–1.11) | 0.697 | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 0.340 | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 0.340 | 1.03 (0.95–1.11) | 0.507 | |
| Asian | 0.87 (0.81–0.93) | <0.001 | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.003 | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.145 | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) | 0.038 | |
| Other | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 0.848 | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 0.506 | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.164 | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) | 0.209 | |
| White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Model 1 adjusts for patient characteristics only; model 2 adjusts for patient and hospital characteristics; model 3 adjusts for patient, hospital characteristics, and regional socioeconomic status variables based on patient zip code.
CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.