Table 1.
Moderator | Effect |
---|---|
Comorbid Anxiety | Responded equally well to behavioral treatment and medication; most treatment responsive subgroup |
Comorbid ODD/CD | Medication required for benefit; worse outcomes than ADHD alone |
Comorbid Anxiety + ODD/CD | Greater benefits from Comb treatments than other groups |
Comorbid manic symptoms | No effect on medication response or side effects |
Receipt of Public Assistance | Benefit more from Comb than medication alone; may be related to poorer treatment attendance |
Minorities | African-Americans responded better to behavioral treatments alone; Hispanics responded better to Comb thanMedMgt; BUT no differences after controlling for public assistance. Minorities in general responded better to Comb than to MedMgt even after controlling for SES. |
Maternal Depression + Severe ADHD | Lower rates of excellent response (48% vs. 73%) |
Maternal Depression +Severe ADHD +IQ<100 | Lowest rates of excellent response (10%) |
Female Gender | Overall few differences, but Comb needed for effect on hyperactivity-impulsivity |
Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Smoking | Increased growth suppression in children with early and persistent stimulant exposure |
| |
Mediator | Effect |
| |
Attendance at Medication Visits | 80%+ related to better treatment response |
Attendance at Behavioral Treatment Visits | Unrelated to treatment response as defined in this study |
Changes in Parental Discipline Practices | Improved teacher-rated social skills |
Note. The only long-term predictor effect maintained at 36 months was socio-economic status (e.g., low status predicted worse outcomes). Girls also had better long-term outcomes.