Table 1.
Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of patient groups and controls.
| Variable | Controls(n = 150) | Patients without complications (n = 87) | Patients with complications (n = 93) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44.3 ± 4.1 | 42.8 ± 6.5 | 44.1 ± 6.6 | 0.1 |
| Sex (%) Male | 83 (55.3%) | 45 (51.7%) | 55 (59.1%) | |
| Female | 67 (44.7%) | 42 (48.3%) | 38 (40.9%) | 0.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 3.5 | 27.4 ± 3.2 | 27.2 ± 3.1 | 0.6 |
| Disease duration (years) | – | 12.4 ± 1.6 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 0.8 |
| Hypertension (%) Yes | 0 | 38 (43.7%)* | 59 (63.4%)** | |
| No | 150 (100%) | 49 (56.3%) | 34 (36.6%) | 0.001 |
| Complications: | ||||
| Nephropathy | 24 (25.8%) | |||
| Retinopathy | – | – | 54 (58%) | – |
| Neuropathy | 85 (91%) | |||
| CVD | 59 (63.4%) | |||
| Treatment for diabetes (%) | ||||
| Oral hypoglycemics | – | 33 (38%) | 34 (36.6%) | |
| Oral hypoglycemic and insulin | – | 11 (12.6%) | 13 (14%) | 0.9 |
| Insulin | – | 43 (49.4%) | 46 (49.4%) | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 128.6 ± 19 | 184.4 ± 47* | 201 ± 45** | 0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 106.7 ± 13 | 136.4 ± 70* | 155 ± 84** | 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 43.9 ± 5.5 | 38 ± 5* | 34.8 ± 4.4** | 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 63 ± 20 | 118.5 ± 46* | 135 ± 42** | 0.001 |
| Glycated Hb% | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 7.7 ± 0.5* | 7.8 ± 0.6 | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (ng/ml) | 21.9 ± 6.9 | 16.1 ± 7* | 17.9 ± 9.3 | 0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; Hb, hemoglobin; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; *significant p value between cases and controls; **significant p value between complicated and noncomplicated patients.