Table 1. Measurement of Reach: Characteristics and Associations of Patients Who Participated in a Diabetes Prevention Program, Intermountain Healthcare, 2013–2014.
| Variables | No. of Patients Who Met Study Criteriaa (n = 6,862) | No. (%)b of DPP Participants (n = 573) | No. (%)b of Nonparticipants (n = 6,289) | Multivariable-Adjusted Associations of Participationc, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | ||||
| 18–29 | 174 | 19 (3.3) | 155 (2.5) | 1 [Reference] |
| 30–39 | 506 | 39 (6.8) | 467 (7.4) | 0.69 (0.40–1.17) |
| 40–49 | 982 | 76 (13.3) | 906 (14.4) | 0.78 (0.44–1.37) |
| 50–59 | 1,916 | 165 (28.8) | 1,751 (27.9) | 0.91 (0.53–1.56) |
| 60–69 | 2,357 | 151 (26.4) | 2,206 (35.1) | 0.70 (0.40–1.21) |
| ≥70 | 919 | 123 (21.5) | 796 (12.7) | 1.75 (1.08–2.83)d |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 3,070 | 212 (37.3) | 2,858 (45.4) | 1 [Reference] |
| Female | 3,787 | 356 (62.7) | 3,431 (54.6) | 1.43 (1.09–1.88)d |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5,947 | 506 (88.4) | 5,441 (86.5) | 1 [Reference] |
| Hispanic | 575 | 44 (7.6) | 531 (8.4) | 0.73 (0.39–1.35) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 57 | 4 (0.7) | 53 (0.8) | 0.80 (0.27–2.35) |
| Asian | 145 | 10 (1.8) | 135 (2.2) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) |
| Other | 138 | 9 (1.5) | 129 (2.0) | 0.72 (0.46–1.14) |
| Insurance | ||||
| Commercial | 3,967 | 294 (51.3) | 3,673 (58.4) | 1 [Reference] |
| Medicare | 2,208 | 194 (33.9) | 2,014 (32.0) | 0.92 (0.77–1.09) |
| Medicaid | 272 | 21 (3.7) | 251 (4.0) | 0.84 (0.51–1.38) |
| Uninsured | 415 | 64 (11.2) | 351 (5.6) | 2.21 (0.85–5.74) |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
| Prediabetes duration, y | ||||
| <5 | 5,389 | 458 (79.9) | 4,931 (78.4) | 1 [Reference] |
| 5–9 | 1,303 | 100 (17.5) | 1,203 (19.1) | 0.71 (0.56–0.92)d |
| ≥10 | 170 | 15 (2.6) | 155 (2.5) | 0.86 (0.49–1.49) |
| Chronic conditionse | ||||
| Depression | 2,808 | 272 (47.4) | 2,536 (40.3) | 1.15 (1.03–1.28)d |
| Coronary artery disease | 1,234 | 114 (19.9) | 1,120 (17.8) | 1.13 (0.76–1.70) |
| Congestive heart failure | 516 | 51 (9.0) | 465 (7.4) | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 416 | 45 (7.9) | 371 (5.9) | 1.28 (0.91–1.81) |
| High blood pressure | 3,908 | 336 (58.7) | 3,572 (56.8) | 1.12 (0.92–1.35) |
| Medication classf | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 3,322 | 274 (47.8) | 3,048 (48.5) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) |
| Atypical neuroleptic | 576 | 55 (9.6) | 521 (8.3) | 1.02 (0.81–1.29) |
| Metformin | 1,110 | 124 (21.6) | 986 (15.7) | 1.36 (1.01–1.87)d |
| Statin | 3497 | 304 (53.1) | 3,193 (50.8) | 0.97 (0.86–1.11) |
| Weight at study enrollment, no. of patients (mean [SD] kg) | 6,862 | 573 (98.8 [25.4]) | 6,289 (97.0 [25.4]) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01)d |
| BMI class at study enrollment (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 40 | 2 (0.4) | 38 (0.6) | 0.81 (0.26–2.49) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 686 | 38 (7.2) | 648 (10.7) | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1,679 | 130 (24.8) | 1,549 (25.5) | 1.39 (1.02–1.89)d |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 4,193 | 355 (67.6) | 3,838 (63.2) | 1.21 (0.68–2.13) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DPP, diabetes prevention program; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation.
After all inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to 17,142 patients who had a diagnosis of prediabetes (HbA1c of 5.70%–6.49% or fasting plasma glucose of 100–125 mg/dL) recorded in the Intermountain Healthcare enterprise data warehouse. Numbers in each category may not add to 6,862 because data were missing for some items.
Values are number (percentage) except for weight at study enrollment. Percentages in each category may not add to 100 because of rounding or because patients could have more than 1 chronic condition or take more than 1 type of medication.
All covariates listed in the table were included in the model.
P < .05.
The reference group for each chronic condition is the group of patients who did not have the condition.
The reference group for each medication class is the group of patients who were not taking the medication.