Table 4.

Gender-stratified, adjusted associations between HIV stigma and recent condom usage, consistent condom usage, and self-reported STDs

	Recent condom usageAOR (95% CI)^	Consistent condom usageAOR (95% CI)	Self-reported STDsAOR (95% CI)
Stigmatizing attitudes (individual)
Male	0.86 (0.77–0.96)*	0.81 (0.71–0.93)**	1.03 (0.92–1.14)
Female	0.91 (0.81–1.02)	0.84 (0.72–0.98)**	1.05 (0.98–1.14)
Interaction	p=0.49	p=0.75	p=0.65
Stigmatizing attitudes (community)
Male	0.85 (0.62–1.16)	0.79 (0.50–1.28)	1.60 (1.15–2.24)**
Female	1.31 (0.88–1.95)	1.29 (0.82–2.03)	2.33 (1.64–3.32)***
Interaction	p=0.08	p=0.11	p=0.07
Disclosure concerns (individual)
Male	0.97 (0.80–1.17)	1.00 (0.81–1.24)	0.80 (0.63–1.02)†
Female	0.76 (0.57–1.00)†	0.72 (0.51–1.00)†	1.34 (1.13–1.58)**
Interaction	p=0.13	p=0.07	p=0.001
Disclosure concerns (community)
Male	1.46 (0.65–3.31)	1.89 (0.77–4.65)†	1.63 (0.79–3.36)
Female	0.49 (0.21–1.15)	0.38 (0.13–1.07)†	3.79 (1.68–8.55)**
Interaction	p=0.03	p=0.002	p=0.07

AOR, adjusted odds ratio;

^{^}The adjusted models include the following covariates: age, gender, current marital status, region, rural/urban, highest educational level, interviewed household head, and wealth status;

^†p<0.10;

^*p<0.05;

^**p<0.01;

^***p<0.001