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. 2017 Jul 24;8:111. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00158-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Time shift of phage–bacterium coevolution in the fish farming environment. Phage–bacterium coevolution measured as mean proportion (± S.E.) of resistant host population, described as annual relative change in host resistance when exposed to phages from the past (−4 to −1 years), contemporary (0), and future (+1 to +5 years). The bacteria are in general resistant against phages from the past but susceptible to infection by phages from contemporary and future time points (24% and 18% resistant, respectively; GLMM, F _{(2, 507)} = 15.099, p < 0.001)