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. 2017 Jul 25;11:58. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00058

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Copyright © 2017 Folarin, Snyder, Peters, Olopade, Connor and Olopade.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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NeuN immuno-histochemistry revealed the cytotoxic effect of vanadium on the pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex after chronic exposure. The cortical pyramidal cells showed morphological alterations including pyknosis, cell clustering, loss of layering pattern and cytoplasmic vacuolation in the vanadium exposed groups (white arrows in B,E,H) relative to the control (red arrows in A,D) with normal neuronal morphology. The withdrawal groups (C,F,I) showed reversal effect with less cellular toxicity relative to vanadium exposed groups. The vanadium cytotoxicity was also observed in the aged control mice brain (white arrows in G), indicative of neuronal degeneration seen also at early vanadium exposure. Magnification: ×400, inset: ×600.