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. 2017 Jul 24;7:6300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06684-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Overview of the closed loop system. (a) Cortical LFP from every rat (up to 8 simultaneously, max. 32 channel each) is amplified and multiplexed on-head, and fed to the digital signal processor (TDT RX-8) running a custom designed seizure detection algorithm. The signals were first digitally demultiplexed and CSD of one preselected tripolar electrode was calculated in each rat. Pre-set threshold crossings of the raw CSD and the bandpass filtered, integrated CSD was detected and in case of fulfilling the predetermined seizure criteria (coincidence, regularity) a single isolated, triphasic, charge neutral stimulus pulse was delivered. All the LFP signals and the on-line seizure triggers were continuously recorded for every rat. (b) Representative LFP trace and its corresponding wavelet spectrum of a spontaneous SW-discharges. (c) Representative LFP traces of a preselected tripolar electrode and the corresponding CSD during a spontaneously emerging interrupted spike-and-wave seizure. (d) Seizure detection performance of the closed loop system. Note the very low false negative and virtually absent false positive detections. Latency is determined solely by the seizure detection criteria, as the A/D conversion and the real-time DSP algorithm introduced only a few ms response delay.