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. 2017 Jul 24;7:6300. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06684-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Results of the seizure suppression during the long-term stimulation protocol. (a) Experimental timeline. (b and c) Group data show the stable and similar decrease of Time in Seizure (b) and average seizure duration (c) as long as the closed-loop seizure suppression is on (each measure is normalized to its corresponding mean Pre-Treatment value for each animal). (d) Example LFP traces of one representative rat demonstrating the recording quality over the weeks. Note that the amplitudes and signal to noise ratios are qualitatively similar, suggesting a negligible change of the electrode conductance. (e) Group data show seizure rates before (Pre), during (Trt) and after (Post) the treatment (normalized to the average seizure rates during the Pre days for each animal). Shaded area represents ± SEM. (f) Representative histological examples of cortical and hippocampal regions of control (SHAM) and long term treated (STIM) animals, stained for GFAP (green) and DAPI (blue). Note that stimulation did not induce overt gross histological changes (i.e. gliosis) despite the long-term application. *p < 0.001, **p < 0.05 vs Pre-Treatment, one-way ANOVA (b,e), Kruskal-Wallis test (c), both followed by post hoc HSD.