Table 3.
Associations between coffee consumption and major depression risk among populations in Atlantic Canada.
| Cases/n | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
| Regular coffee | |||
| Men | |||
| Never | 241/2107 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| >0–<4 cups/day | 314/3011 | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 0.93 (0.77–1.14) |
| ≥4 cups/day | 101/736 | 1.23 (0.95–1.57) | 1.11 (0.84–1.45) |
| P for trend | 0.42 | 0.69 | |
| Women | |||
| Never | 1198/6053 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| > 0–<4 cups/day | 1174/6229 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.02 (0.92–1.12) |
| ≥4 cups/day | 189/702 | 1.49 (1.25–1.78) | 1.35 (1.11–1.63) |
| P for trend | 0.097 | 0.036 | |
| P for interaction between men and women | 0.45 | 0.55 | |
| Decaffeinated coffee | |||
| Men | |||
| Never | 603/5406 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| > 0–<2 cups/day | 23/231 | 0.89 (0.57–1.38) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) |
| ≥2 cups/day | 30/217 | 1.29 (0.87–1.92) | 1.11 (0.73–1.70) |
| P for trend | 0.37 | 0.60 | |
| Women | |||
| Never | 2284/11598 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| > 0–<2 cups/day | 161/866 | 0.94 (0.79–1.12) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) |
| ≥2 cups/day | 116/520 | 1.19 (0.96–1.47) | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) |
| P for trend | 0.31 | 0.19 | |
| P for interaction between men and women | 0.90 | 0.999 | |
| Total coffee | |||
| Men | |||
| Never | 213/1838 | 1.0 (Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| >0–<4 cups/day | 327/3196 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 0.90 (0.73–1.11) |
| ≥4 cups/day | 116/820 | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) |
| P for trend | 0.29 | 0.65 | |
| Women | |||
| Never | 1035/5243 | 1.0(Reference) | 1.0 (Reference) |
| >0–<4 cups/day | 1292/6856 | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) |
| ≥4 cups/day | 234/885 | 1.46 (1.24–1.73) | 1.38 (1.15–1.64) |
| P for trend | 0.030 | 0.009 | |
| P for interaction between men and women | 0.54 | 0.42 | |
Model 1, adjusted for age. Model 2, further adjusted for ethnicity, education, province of residence, smoking status, alcohol drinking, self-reported cardiovascular disease and diabetes, healthy eating index (in tertiles), total physical activity (in MET-min/week tertiles), and BMI based on model 1.