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. 2017 Jul 24;7:6288. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06259-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Whole-body imidacloprid residues decrease in honeybee samples over time. Individual honeybees were fed with a sugar syrup control (SC), containing only the solvent acetone but no imidacloprid or a dosage of 41 ng/bee imidacloprid (n = 150 bees/group). The honeybees were frozen after one hour (SC and RT1), 24 hours (RT24), or 48 hours (RT48) at room temperature. LC/MS/MS was used to quantify residue levels of imidacloprid, 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid, and imidacloprid-olefin. Error bars indicate standard error. The imidacloprid residue level was only significantly influenced (p < 0.001) by the time passed after ingestion. The residue level of 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid was influenced by the hive the bees originated from, the time passed after ingestion and interaction effects between both (all p < 0.001). The residue level of imidacloprid-olefin was only influenced by the interaction effects between the hive the bees originated and the time passed after ingestion (p < 0.001, see statistical report in supplement).