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. 2017 Jul 24;7:6288. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06259-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Group feeding resulted in significantly higher whole-body imidacloprid residues compared to the individually fed honeybees. Individual honeybees were fed with a single dosage of 41 ng/bee (RT1, RT24, RT48). Alternatively, groups of ten honeybees per cage were fed with 410 ng/cage imidacloprid (RT24GF). One dot indicates imidacloprid value of one sample of ten bees. Five samples of each hive are presented in one column (n = 150 bees/group). Statistical comparison with an ANOVA yielded a significant effect of the applied treatment (p < 0.001) and multiple comparisons using Dunnett contrasts resulted in RT1 vs. RT24GF: p = 0.0128; RT24 vs. RT 24GF: p < 0.001; RT48 vs. RT24GF: p < 0.001 (see statistical report in supplement).