Table 3.
Cox proportional hazards model for time-to-fracture within 12 months following the initial fracture claim
| Covariates | Hazard ratio | 95% CI | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort | |||
| Untreated | |||
| Treated | 0.79 | 0.75–0.83 | <0.001 |
| Age group | |||
| 65–74 (reference) | |||
| 75–84 | 1.29 | 1.21–1.38 | <0.001 |
| ≥85 | 1.50 | 1.40–1.59 | <0.001 |
| Geographic location | |||
| Northeast (reference) | |||
| North Central | 1.08 | 1.01–1.15 | 0.018 |
| South | 0.96 | 0.90–1.02 | 0.161 |
| West | 0.94 | 0.87–1.01 | 0.086 |
| Unknown | 0.09 | 0.01–0.63 | 0.015 |
| Race | |||
| White (reference) | |||
| Black | 0.59 | 0.51–0.68 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic | 0.81 | 0.69–0.95 | 0.009 |
| Other/missing | 1.02 | 0.90–1.15 | 0.778 |
| Baseline comorbid conditions | |||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | 1.06 | 1.04–1.07 | <0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.04 | 0.99–1.10 | 0.122 |
| Depression/bipolar disorders | 1.20 | 1.14–1.26 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.91 | 0.86–0.96 | 0.001 |
| Kidney diseases | 0.90 | 0.83–0.96 | 0.003 |
| Liver diseases | 1.25 | 1.04–1.51 | 0.019 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1.15 | 1.05–1.27 | 0.003 |
| Dementia | 1.09 | 1.03–1.15 | 0.002 |
| Baseline medication and procedures | |||
| Glucocorticoids | 1.08 | 1.03–1.13 | 0.001 |
| Anticonvulsants | 1.19 | 1.11–1.26 | <0.001 |