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. 2017 Jul 19;8:15807. doi: 10.1038/ncomms15807

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Photographs showing the lap joint preparation procedure for analysing adhesive strength of various glues on biological tissues of two calf liver ribbons: applying the adhesive, attaching by overlapping the ribbons at the region where the adhesive was applied, gently pressing the ribbon for 30 s, and lifting up and moving the joint to be analysed. (b) Photographs showing the lap joint shear test, and a representative force-displacement curve of the lap joint shear test of liver ribbons adhered by TSNs: (i) lifting the lower ribbon, (ii) loading the stress, (iii) ultimate stress point and failure, and (iv) sliding. (c) Adhesive shear stress of lap joint attached without glue (control) or with CA-Lp, SiO₂ NPs, TaO_x NPs and TSNs. (Data are shown as mean±s.d., n=9, *P<0.05, ****P<0.0001, and NS, not significant P>0.05, one-way ANOVA test.) (d) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showing the adsorbing and entangling interaction between fibrin fibers and TSNs. TSNs and fibrin fiber are highlighted blue and yellow, respectively. Scale bar indicates 500 nm. (e) Photographs of a stab wound after conducting each hemostasis procedure: direct pressure (left), applying TSNs (right). (f) Amount of bleeding during each hemostasis procedure. (Data are shown as mean±s.d., n=5, *P<0.05, NS, not significant P>0.05, one-way ANOVA test.)