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. 2017 Jul 25;8:1411. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01411

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Copyright © 2017 Liu, Chen, Chen, Tsai and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Protection against purified C. difficile spores challenge in vaccinated mice. Various groups of mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail and then challenged by C. difficile or PBS only for 2 days. Body weight change (A), colon length (B), cecum weight (C), and gross views of cecum and colon (D) were assessed. Vehicle: non-immunized and non-infected group; PBS: mock-immunized and infected group; NP: empty nanoparticle immunized and infected group; NP₇₅₀: vaccine immunized and infected group. All data are representative of at least three independent experiments. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviations and statistical comparisons among groups were analyzed by Student’s t-test (^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001). NS = not significant.