FIGURE 8.

Decreased level of proinflammatory cytokines in C. difficile-infected mice vaccinated by NP-rTcdB. The level of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in colon tissues (A) and GAL (B) of vehicle group, mock-vaccinated group (PBS), empty nanoparticle-vaccinated group, and NP₇₅₀ vaccinated group as measured by real-time polymerase chain reactions and ELISA, respectively. All data are presented as mean ± standard deviations and statistical comparisons among groups were analyzed by Student’s t-test (^∗p ≤ 0.05, ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01, ^∗∗∗p ≤ 0.001, ^∗∗∗∗p ≤ 0.0001). NS, not significant. All data are representative of at least three independent experiments.