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. 2017 Jul 25;8:1411. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01411

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Copyright © 2017 Liu, Chen, Chen, Tsai and Huang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Complete protection against C. difficile challenge in vaccinated mice. Various groups of mice were treated with an antibiotic cocktail and then challenged by C. difficile or PBS. Survival was monitored for 5 days. Vehicle: health control; PBS: infection control; NP: empty nanoparticle vaccination; NP₇₅₀: NP-rTcdB vaccination. All data are representative of at least three independent experiments (^∗p ≤ 0.05, error bars indicate standard errors of the means; the data were analyzed by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis).