Table 1.

Frequency of mutations in relevant AML-associated genes^*

Gene	Overall frequency	Frequency in patients aged <60 years	Frequency in patients aged ≥60 years
FLT3	19–28% (FLT3-ITD)145 and 5–10% (FLT3-TKD)12,146	30% (FLT3-ITD) and 7% (FLT3-TKD)10 NK-AML only: 35% (FLT3-ITD) and 8% (FLT3-TKD)147	17–21% (FLT3-ITD)27,148‡ and 5% (FLT3-TKD)27 NK-AML only: 23% (FLT3-ITD) and 5% (FLT3-TKD)147
NPM1	27–35%12,13	29%10 NK-AML only: 57%147	24–34%27,148‡ NK-AML only: 42%147
DNMT3A	26%12	18–23%10,149–151	NA
NRAS	8–9%12,152,153	10%10	NA
ASXL1	17–19%154,155§	3–6%10,156‖,157 NK-AML only: 3%157	NA NK-AML only: 16%157
CEBPA (biallelic)	4–6%12,153,158,159	8–9%10,159 NK-AML only: 10%147	NA NK-AML only: 9–10%27¶,147
TET2	8–27%12,160,161	8%10	NA
WT1	6–7%12,162	8–11%10,163	NA
IDH2	8–9%12,164	8–9%10,165	NA
IDH1	9%12,152,164	7–8%10,165	NA
KIT	2–4%12,153	6%10	NA
RUNX1	5–10%12,153	5%10 NK-AML only: 8%166	NA NK-AML only: 16%166
MLL-PTD	5%145	5%10 NK-AML only: 4%147	4%27 NK-AML only: 11%147
NRAS	8–9%12,152,153	10%10	NA
PHF6	3%167	3%10	NA
KRAS	2–4%12,153	2%10	NA
TP53	2–8%12,153,168	2%10	NA
EZH2	2%169	0%10	NA
JAK2	1–3%153,170	NA	NA

AML, acute myeloid leukaemia; FLT3-ITD, FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutation; FLT3-TKD, FLT3 tyrosine-kinase-domain mutation; MLL-PTD, MLL (KMT2A) partial tandem duplication; NA, not available; NK‑AML, normal‑karyotype acute myeloid leukaemia.

^*Inclusive of all karyotypes, except when noted; discrepancies between the mutational frequencies in younger (age <60 years) and elderly (age ≥60 years) patients with NK‑AML have been reported, when available.

^‡Ostronoff et al.¹⁴⁸ used the age of >65 years as the cut‑point definition for ‘elderly’ patients.

^§The study by Schnittger et al.¹⁵⁵ included only patients with intermediate-risk AML.

^‖Paschka et al.¹⁵⁶ defined younger adult patients as those aged 18–61 years.

^¶Schlenk et al.²⁷ analyzed CEBPA mutations in elderly patients with normal karyotypes only.