TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the study population and its subsets1
| Characteristics |
||||||||||
| By sex |
Based on presence of diabetes |
Based on CCK sensitivity (upper 20% and lower 20%) |
||||||||
| Overall (total n = 112) | Female (n = 69) | Male (n = 43) | P | Diabetic (n = 35) | Nondiabetic (n = 77) | P | Higher sensitivity (n = 23) | Lower sensitivity (n = 23) | P | |
| Age | 0.20442 | <0.00012 | 0.84752 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Mean ± SD, y | 45.2 ± 13.6 | 46.5 ± 13.4 | 43.2 ± 13.7 | 55.4 ± 11.7 | 40.6 ± 11.8 | 45.7 ± 12.7 | 45.0 ± 12.3 | |||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.30693 | 0.35953 | ||||||||
| Female | 69 (61.6) | — | — | 24 (68.6) | 45 (58.4) | 16 (69.6) | 13 (56.5) | |||
| Male | 43 (38.4) | — | — | 11 (31.4) | 32 (41.6) | 7 (30.4) | 10 (43.5) | |||
| Weight | 0.00012 | 0.99442 | 0.45242 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Mean ± SD, kg | 79.5 ± 16.8 | 74.7 ± 15.8 | 87.3 ± 15.5 | 79.6 ± 19.5 | 79.5 ± 15.6 | 81.3 ± 11.0 | 78.5 ± 13.7 | |||
| BMI | 0.96414 | 0.16224 | 0.21664 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, kg/m2 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 30.0 | 28.0 | 30.0 | 28.0 | |||
| IQR, kg/m2 | 26.0, 32.0 | 26.0, 32.0 | 25.0, 32.0 | 26.0, 33.0 | 26.0, 31.0 | 27.0, 32.0 | 26.0, 31.0 | |||
| BMI category | 0.84753 | 0.21523 | 0.68103 | |||||||
| Normal-weight (BMI in kg/m2: <25), n (%) | 19 (17.0) | 13 (18.8) | 6 (14.0) | 6 (17.1) | 13 (16.9) | 3 (13.0) | 4 (17.4) | |||
| Median, kg/m2 | 22.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| IQR, kg/m2 | 21.0, 24.0 | |||||||||
| Overweight (BMI: 25–29.9), n (%) | 46 (41.1) | 28 (40.6) | 18 (41.9) | 10 (28.6) | 36 (46.8) | 8 (34.8) | 11 (47.8) | |||
| Median, kg/m2 | 27.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| IQR, kg/m2 | 26.0, 29.0 | |||||||||
| Obese (BMI: 30–34.9), n (%) | 35 (31.3) | 20 (29.0) | 15 (34.9) | 13 (37.1) | 22 (28.6) | 11 (47.8) | 7 (30.4) | |||
| Median, kg/m2 | 32.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| IQR, kg/m2 | 31.0, 32.0 | |||||||||
| Morbidly obese (BMI ≥35), n (%) | 12 (10.7) | 8 (11.6) | 4 (9.3) | 6 (17.1) | 6 (7.8) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.3) | |||
| Median, kg/m2 | 38.0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
| IQR, kg/m2 | 35.0, 44.0 | |||||||||
| WC | 0.07024 | 0.00524 | 0.23504 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, cm | 98.5 | 96.0 | 105.0 | 106.0 | 95.0 | 103.0 | 98.0 | |||
| IQR, cm | 92.0, 109.0 | 91.0, 106.0 | 92.0, 112.0 | 94.0, 113.0 | 91.0, 107.0 | 95.0, 109.0 | 93.0, 107.0 | |||
| WC category,5 n (%) | 0.00183 | 0.01753 | 0.08393 | |||||||
| Above risk threshold | 79 (70.5) | 56 (81.2) | 23 (53.5) | 30 (85.7) | 49 (63.6) | 20 (87.0) | 15 (65.2) | |||
| Below risk threshold | 33 (29.5) | 13 (18.8) | 20 (46.5) | 5 (14.3) | 28 (36.4) | 3 (13.0) | 8 (34.8) | |||
| Fasting glucose (patients without diabetes)6 | 0.00474 | |||||||||
| n | 82 | 49 | 33 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Median, mg/dL | 93.0 | 89.0 | 96.0 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| IQR, mg/dL | 88.0, 99.0 | 85.0, 97.0 | 92.0, 99.0 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Serum cholesterol | 0.38564 | 0.96744 | 0.48894 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, mg/dL | 174.0 | 171.0 | 184.0 | 181.0 | 174.0 | 181.0 | 171.0 | |||
| IQR, mg/dL | 153.0, 204.0 | 153.0, 199.0 | 160.0, 213.0 | 153.0, 203.0 | 153.0, 205.0 | 160.0, 206.0 | 148.0, 219.0 | |||
| LDL cholesterol | 0.32554 | 0.80664 | 0.62524 | |||||||
| n | 108 | 68 | 40 | 34 | 74 | 22 | 23 | |||
| Median, mg/dL | 97.0 | 95.5 | 102.0 | 97.5 | 95.5 | 96.5 | 97.0 | |||
| IQR, mg/dL | 78.0, 126.0 | 78.0, 122.0 | 85.0, 127.5 | 72.0, 124.0 | 79.0, 128.0 | 84.0, 129.0 | 76.0, 129.0 | |||
| HDL cholesterol | 0.00604 | 0.87274 | 0.58254 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, mg/dL | 45.5 | 49.0 | 41.0 | 44.0 | 46.0 | 50.0 | 46.0 | |||
| IQR, mg/dL | 39.0, 56.5 | 40.0, 60.0 | 35.0, 52.0 | 40.0, 58.0 | 38.0, 56.0 | 38.0, 62.0 | 40.0, 56.0 | |||
| Triglycerides | 0.07814 | 0.12024 | 0.94744 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, mg/dL | 121.0 | 116.0 | 142.0 | 134.0 | 117.0 | 118.0 | 111.0 | |||
| IQR, mg/dL | 94.0, 172.5 | 92.0, 142.0 | 97.0, 251.0 | 106.0, 176.0 | 88.0, 171.0 | 102.0, 142.0 | 94.0, 211.0 | |||
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.01544 | 0.01194 | 0.26234 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, mm Hg | 120.0 | 118.0 | 125.0 | 125.0 | 118.0 | 124.0 | 119.0 | |||
| IQR, mm Hg | 112.5, 132.5 | 110.0, 127.0 | 115.0, 138.0 | 115.0, 139.0 | 110.0, 127.0 | 115.0, 138.0 | 111.0, 127.0 | |||
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.00264 | 0.24894 | 0.88634 | |||||||
| n | 112 | 69 | 43 | 35 | 77 | 23 | 23 | |||
| Median, mm Hg | 77.0 | 75.0 | 82.0 | 77.0 | 76.0 | 76.0 | 78.0 | |||
| IQR, mm Hg | 72.0, 83.5 | 70.0, 80.0 | 74.0, 89.0 | 73.0, 86.0 | 70.0, 83.0 | 73.0, 79.0 | 67.0, 84.0 | |||
CCK, cholecystokinin; EC50, concentration stimulating one-half of the maximal response; WC, waist circumference.
t Test was used to compare the mean age and weight within the subgroup of patients categorized according to sex, presence or absence of diabetes, and degree of CCK sensitivity.
Chi-square test was used to compare frequencies of sex, degrees of obesity based on BMI, and waist circumference above or below the threshold for metabolic syndrome within the subgroups.
Wilcoxon’s test was used to compare the medians of BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose (patients without diabetes), serum cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure within the subgroups. High CCK sensitivity was defined as EC50 values ≤−10.32 log M (EC50 values in the top 20%); low CCK sensitivity was defined as EC50 values ≥−9.63 log M (EC50 values in the bottom 20%).
WC risk threshold of ≥101.6 cm in men and 88.9 cm in women.
Patients with a previous diagnosis of diabetes were excluded.