Table 1.

Crystalline and thermal properties of neat PVA and lignin nanoparticles/PVA composite films

Sample	T m (°C)	ΔH m (J g−1)	X c (%)	τ (nm)	T i (°C)	T p (°C)
Neat PVA	229	34.9	21.7	3.3	247	270
4 wt% DLNPs/PVA	229	29.7	19.2	3.3	253	274
4 wt% OLNPs/PVA	228	24.1	15.6	3.6	254	278

T _m melting point, ΔH _m the heat of fusion, X _c degree of crystallinity, τ crystal size, and T _i and T _p initial and maximum decomposition temperature, respectively