Table 3.
Odds ratios for pesticide chemical groups and congenital heart defects, San Joaquin Valley of California, 1997–2006.a
| Heart defect | Pesticide group | No. cases exposed/not exposed | No. controls exposed/not exposed | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heterotaxia | Avermectin | 5/48 | 31/754 | 2.8(1.0–7.6) |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | Neonicotinoid | 10/91 | 35/750 | 2.4(1.1–5.1) |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | Strobin | 7/52 | 33/752 | 2.9(1.2–7.0) |
| Triazine | 8/51 | 57/728 | 2.2(1.0–5.1) | |
| Coarctation of the aorta | Pyridazinone | 6/68 | 23/762 | 2.9(1.1–7.5) |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester | 6/47 | 19/383 | 2.9(1.0–7.9) |
| Bipyridylium | 11/42 | 40/362 | 2.3(1.1–4.9) | |
| Organophosphate | 15/38 | 57/345 | 2.5(1.2–5.0) | |
| Triazine | 6/47 | 24/378 | 2.2(0.8–6.0) | |
| Ventricular septal defect, perimembranous | Avermectin | 10/83 | 31/754 | 2.8(1.2–6.2) |
| Atrial septal defect, secundum | Dichlorophenoxy acid or ester | 14/118 | 41/744 | 2.3(1.2–4.5) |
a
AORs are presented for chemicals for which the AOR was ≤ 0.5 or ≥ 2.0 or for which the confidence interval excluded 1.0. ORs were adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age (continuous), and any (versus none) intake of folic acid-containing supplements, alcohol, and smoking during the month before and the first two months of pregnancy.