Table 2.
Baseline characteristics in patients and GP controls without a previous history of NL, given as frequencies (%)
| Comorbidities and medications at baseline | Gout cases (N = 29,171) |
GP controls (N = 131,449) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (std) | 69.1 (14.8) | 68.2 (14.6) |
| Men (%) | 67.3 | 66.3 |
| Hypertension (%) | 58.4 | 33.0 |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 26.6 | 13.5 |
| Diabetes (%) | 18.6 | 9.2 |
| Kidney disease (%) | 11.1 | 2.6 |
| Obesitya (%) | 9.9 | 3.1 |
| Statins (%) | 32.0 | 19.3 |
| Allopurinol (%) | 26.4 | N/Ac |
| Beta blockers (%) | 38.4 | 20.1 |
| Calcium antagonists (%) | 16.3 | 10.9 |
| Thiazide diuretics (%) | 6.1 | 3.6 |
| Losartan (%) | 4.0 | 2.0 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics (%) | 6.7 | 2.1 |
| RAAS-inhibitors (%) | 24.9 | 12.2 |
| Loop diuretics (%) | 27.9 | 7.9 |
| Education (≤9) years (ref)b (%) | 44.7 | 41.0 |
| Education (10‒12) yearsb (%) | 37.8 | 36.9 |
| Education (>12) yearsb (%) | 15.5 | 20.3 |
NL, nephrolithiasis, RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, N/A not applicable
aBased on ICD-10-code E66 and ATC code A08
bBaseline data were complete except for data on education level, which was missing for 1.8% of the GP controls and 2 percent of the gout cases.
cPrior users of urate-lowering-therapy were excluded from the control group