Table 3.
Predictors of first-time NL in patients with gout and GP controls, analyzed by age- and sex-adjusted proportional hazards analyses
| Variable | Gout cases | GP controls |
|---|---|---|
| (N = 29,171) | (N = 131,449) | |
| (95% HR) | (95% HR) | |
| Male sex | 1.56 (1.21‒2.02)b | 1.98 (1.72‒2.27)b |
| Hypertension | 1.11 (0.89‒1.38) | 1.11 (0.98‒1.25) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.97 (0.74‒1.27) | 1.18 (1.00‒1.38) |
| Diabetes | 1.57 (1.21‒2.02) | 1.19 (0.99‒1.43) |
| Kidney disease | 1.32 (0.94‒1.86) | 1.87 (1.40‒2.49) |
| Obesity | 1.55 (1.13‒2.12) | 1.27 (0.92‒1.75) |
| Calcium antagonists | 1.18 (0.89‒1.56) | 1.14 (0.96‒1.36) |
| Thiazide diuretics | 1.21 (0.77‒1.90) | 1.00 (0.72‒1.38) |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics | 0.58 (0.31‒1.10) | 0.74 (0.44‒1.23) |
| RAAS-inhibitorsa | 1.13 (0.89‒1.45) | 1.15 (0.97‒1.35) |
| Losartan | 0.61 (0.29‒1.29) | 1.49 (1.03‒2.14) |
| Loop diuretics | 0.71 (0.52‒0.96) | 0.73 (0.56‒0.95) |
| Statins | 1.06 (0.84‒1.33) | 1.28 (1.12‒1.47) |
| Beta blockers | 0.86 (0.68‒1.09) | 1.07 (0.93‒1.23) |
| Allopurinol | 1.01 (0.80‒1.28) | N/Ac |
| Education (≤9) years (ref) | Ref | Ref |
| Education (10‒12) years | 1.06 (0.84‒1.33) | 0.99 (0.87‒1.12) |
| Education (>12) years | 0.98 (0.72‒1.34) | 0.92 (0.79‒1.07) |
| Age 20‒29 years (ref) | Ref | Ref |
| Age 30‒39 years | 1.06 (0.37‒2.99)d | 0.95 (0.49‒1.83)d |
| Age 40‒49 years | 1.19 (0.37‒3.80)d | 1.34 (0.67‒2.67)d |
| Age 50‒59 years | 1.42 (0.35‒5.74)d | 1.44 (0.65‒3.19)d |
| Age 60‒69 years | 1.47 (0.28‒7.86)d | 1.80 (0.72‒4.55)d |
| Age 70‒79 years | 1.48 (0.20‒10.82)d | 1.71 (0.58‒5.01)d |
| Age 80‒89 years | 1.35 (0.14‒13.37)d | 1.33 (0.39‒4.54)d |
| Age 90‒99 years | 0.37 (0.02‒9.46)d | 1.22 (0.28‒5.28)d |
NL, nephrolithiasis, GP general population, HR hazard ratio, RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system, N/A not applicable
aExcluding losartan
bAge-adjusted
cPrior users of urate-lowering therapy were excluded from the control group
dSex-adjusted