Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, Year | Place of conduct | Population Characteristics | Type of study | Primary Objective | Reported Findings | Moderators/Modifiers/other Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | ||||||
| Simon et al, 2006†[20] | USA | Adults N=9125 | Cross sectional | Obesity vs psychiatric disorders association | Depression OR-1.21 (1.01-1.35) |
No gender difference Racial difference present |
| Bipolar disorder OR-1.47 (1.12-1.93) |
||||||
| Zhong et al, 2010[21] | USA | General population N=2641 | Cross-sectional | Depression in Obesity | OR=1.6 (1.3-2.0) | - |
| Kim et al, 2010[22] | South Korea | 21-75 yr working population N=8,121 | Cross-sectional | Depression in obesity | OR (female) 1.47 (0.6-3.3) OR (male) 1.94 (1.03-3.62) |
Obesity and underweight risk for depression. Overweight protective |
| Mannan et al, 2016[23] | Australia | Adolescents N=15854 | Meta-analysis (of longitudinal studies) | Obesity vs Depression bidirectional association | O→D* RR-1.4 (1.16-1.7) D→O** RR-1.7 (1.4-2.07) |
Bidirectional link |
| Pan et al, 2011[24] | USA | Women-54-79 years N=65,955 | Longitudinal | Obesity vs Depression bidirectional association | O→D* OR 1.38 (1.2-1.5) D→O** OR 1.1 (1.03-1.18) |
OR corrected for covariates |
| De Wit et al, 2009[25] | Netherlands | N=204,507 | Meta-analysis | Depression in obesity | Pooled OR 1.18 (1.01-1.3) | Female gender- moderator |
| Luppino et al, 2010[26] | Netherlands | N=58,745 | Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies | Obesity vs Depression bidirectional association | O→D* OR-1.55 (1.2-1.98) D→O** OR-1.58 (1.33-1.87) |
Overweight also risk factor for depression |
| Richardson et al, 2003[27] | USA | Adolescents followed up to adulthood N=1037 | Longitudinal | Obesity in depression | RR (Adolescent females)=2.329 (1.29-3.83) | Risk was significant only for adolescent females |
| Marmorstein et al, 2014[28] | USA | Adolescents followed up to adulthood N=1512 | Longitudinal | Prospective risk of obesity in depression and vice-versa | O→D* OR 5.8 (2.3-15.0) D→O** OR 3.76 (1.3-10.5) |
Finding significant only in females |
| Herva et al, 2006[29] | Finland | Adolescents followed up to young adulthood N=8451 | Longitudinal | Prospective risk of depression in obesity | Adjusted OR (males) 1.97 (1.06-3.68) Adjusted OR (females) 1.64 (1.16-2.32) | Being obese both in adolescence and adulthood linked to depression only among females |
| McCarty et al, 2009†[30] | USA | Young Adults N=776 | Longitudinal | Association between obesity, depression and alcohol use | O→D* OR (females) =2.14 | Obesity found to be protective against depression in males |
| Blaine et al, 2008[31] | USA | N>33,000 | Meta-analysis | Obesity in depression | OR=1.18 (1.13-1.23) | Risk more in adolescent females (OR-2.5) |
| Hicken et al, 2013[32] | USA | Women N=3666 | Cross-sectional | Obesity Vs Depression in different ethnic groups | OR- 1.73 (1.19-2.53) | Race/ethnicity- moderator |
| Ma J et al, 2010[33] | USA | Women N=10,348 | Cross sectional | Obesity VS Depression correlation | r=0.49 | Severity of obesity moderator |
| Atlantis et al, 2008[34] | Australia | N=55,387 | Systematic Review | Obesity vs Depression bidirectional association | Evidence weak | . |
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Simon et al, 2006†[20] | USA | Adults N=9125 | Cross sectional | Obesity vs psychiatric disorders association | Panic disorder OR-1.27 (1.01-1.6) |
No gender difference Racial difference present |
| Ejike et al, 2013[35] | Nigeria | General population N=1584 | Cross sectional | BMI Vs Anxiety score correlation | r=0.024(males) r=0.083(females) | Correlation not significant |
| Guedes et al, 2013[36] | Brazil | 18-50 yrs old N=50 | Cross-sectional | BMI Vs Anxiety and depression correlation | Anxiety r=-0.15 Depression r=0.01 | No significant correlation |
| Gariepy et al, 2010[37] | Canada | Pooled N=3,11,968 | Meta-analysis | Anxiety Vs obesity | Pooled OR 1.40 ( 1.23-1.57) | Association significant in women |
| Personality disorder | ||||||
| Gerlach et al., 2015[38] | Germany | 68 included studies Pooled N>1,000,000 |
Systematic review | PD in obesity | Prevalence of Any PD mean=26% (19-71%) | Cluster C predominant |
| Eating disorders | ||||||
| Darby et al, 2009[39] | Australia | General population N=3001 |
Longitudinal | To assess rise in prevalence of comorbid obesity and ED | OR=4.5 (2.8-7.4) | . |
| ADHD | ||||||
| Cortese et al, 2013[40] | USA | Adults N=34,653 |
Cross sectional | Persistent/remitted/lifetime ADHD VS Obesity | OR (persistent ADHD) 1.44 (1.06-1.95) | After adjusting for covariates, significant only in females with lifetime symptoms |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| McCarty et al, 2009†[30] | USA | Young Adults N=776 |
Longitudinal | Association between obesity, depression and alcohol use | Alcohol use to obesity OR-3.84 in women | Obesity found to be protective against depression in males |